Week 1 Flashcards
Anatomy =
structure
Physiology =
function
molecules
atoms formed together
Organelle
Molecules formed together
Cell
Organelles formed together
Tissue
Same type of cell formed together
Organ
Made up of tissue
System
Made up of organs working together
homeostasis
Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite exterior environment.
Negative feedback system
reverses response; if body temp drops to 36 degrees, body shivers then REVERSES back to 37 degrees.
Positive feedback system
enhances the original stimulus; blood vessel cut on the thumb, cells come to the area to form a plug to stop bleeding.
pharmacology
study of medicine, how we use it and the effect on the body.
drug
medicine that has physiology impact on tissue cells
therapeutic effect
desirable and beneficial outcome, consequence of medicine
drug allergy
stimulates immune system
drug interaction
take more than one drug that may interfere with another and worsen the condition
drug abuse
continually consuming drugs
drug dependence
constantly needing drug to function
dose of drug
achieves desired effect without harm
bioavailability
drug goes into blood and becomes available to all tissue cells
tolerance
decreases response of dose of drug
antagonist
drug that blocks receptor to activate
Agonist
drug that initiates receptor to activate
how drugs work
drug molecule must inflict on the cell to produce a pharmacological response, either mimic or block.
mimic
mimic chemicals that are already in body eg, contraceptive pill
block
block drug chemical reaction
sublingual
under tongue, rapid absorption to bloodstream
rectal
when drug tastes horrible
intramuscular injection
can administer large amount of drug, fast absorption
IV drip
directly into blood
oral
swallow tablet/liquid
inhalation
if someone has asthma, like taking a puffer
therapeutic effect
desired effect of a medical treatment, only give dose of drugs between therapeutic range
pharmacokinetics
what body does to the drugs
ADME
absorption through small intestine, distribution throughout body, metabolised, excreted.
Factors affecting ADME
solubility of drug, surface are (more = quicker absorption), size of drug, blood flow
histology
study of tissues
first pass effect
concentration of drug is reduced if it goes through liver, so if drug is necessary in strong doses, oral consumption should be avoided. Liver can not metabolise drug if taken through IV, interskeletal or rectal.
drug dose determined by….
age, weight, height, gender, other medications
superior
toward head or upper body
inferior
toward lower part of body
anterior
facing front
posterior
facing backward
medial
closer to the centre of the body
lateral
away from the centre of the body
intermediate
between medial and lateral
proximal
closer to the point of attachment to trunk of body
distal
further from the point of attachment to trunk of body
superficial
toward or at the body surface (close to skin)
deep
away from body surface, internal.
orbital
eye
buccal
mouth
axillary
armpit
umbillical
navel
cubital
anterior surface of elbow
fermoral
thigh
pubic
genital region
cervical
neck region
thoracic
chest
brachial
arm
abdominal
anterior body trunk
groin
where thigh meets body trunk
flank
lateral surface of body from rib cage to the hip
scapular
shoulder blade area
lumbar
area of back between ribs and hips
calf
posterior surface of lower leg
deltoid
curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle
gluteal
buttocks or rump
popliteal
knee region
occipital
posterior surface of head
frontal plane
divides the body into anterior and posterior
sagittal plane
divides the body into left and right
trasnverse plane
divides body into superior and inferior
dorsal body cavity
includes cranial and spinal cavity
ventral body cavity
includes thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavity
cranial
brain
vertebral
spinal cord
abdominal
pancreas, spleen
pelvic
bladder, rectum, reproductive organs
digestive system
digests food through mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine. gets excreted through pooooo
cardiovascular system
transports nutrients, blood cells, fluids, dissolved gases and wastes around the body.
respiratory system
functions in external respiration to absorb oxygen. Regulation of body’s acid-base balance.
Skeletal system
Frames body, supports it. Provides attachment and lever systems for muscles and acts in locomotion.
muscular system
functions are based on 3 different cells; skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle.
excretory system
by way of kidney function, rids body of waste and maintains water balance.
nervous system
nerves are special cells adapted for transmitting electro/chemical messages.
Endocrine system
produces hormones in various glands of internal secretion and works with other systems.
Lymphatic system
sub-system of cardiovascular, collect and return intestinal fluid. maintain body fluid balance.
reproductive system
perpetuates species via production of eggs in females and sperm in males.
