Week 1 Flashcards
What values are included on a CBC [complete blood count]?
- White cell count
- red cell count
- hemoglobin
- hematocrit
- MCV [mean corpuscule volume -average RBC size]
- MCHC [mean corpuscule hemoglobin concentration]
- RDW [red cell distribution width - mixture of RBCs
- Platelet Count
- [MPV - mean platelet volume]
What values are included on a differential?
A differential gives the amounts of the different leukocytes as either percents or total number
- neutrophils
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
- eosinophils
- basophils
How do we calculate an absolute neutrophil or lymphocyte count?
total WBC X fraction of either neutrophils or lymphocytes
Compare the use of bone marrow biopsy/aspiration vs. peripheral blood smear microscopy
Bone Marrow biopsy/aspiration
- looking at progenitor cells
- gather info about production of blood cells
- diagnose heme malignancies
- downside: invasive procedure; often painful; need sedation for pediatric patients and maybe some adults too
Peripheral blood smear microscopy
- looking at mature blood cells
- can indicate problems
- shape and size of cells may narrow the differential diagnosis
- non-invasive
CD34
stem cell
CD45/CD15
granulocyte
CD45/CD14
monocyte
CD45/CD3
T lymphocyte
CD45/CD19
B lymphocyte
CD45/CD61
thrombocyte
stem cell
CD34
granulocyte
CD45/CD15
monocyte
CD45/CD14
T lymphocyte
CD45/CD3
B lymphocyte
CD45/CD19
thrombocyte
CD45/CD61
Name the central lymphoid organs and describe what occurs at these sites
o Bone Marrow [releases immature B lymphocytes; determine which B cells are good (won’t recognize self)]
o Thymus [releases mature naïve T lymphocytes; precursor of T cells are released from the bone marrow and go to the thymus; in the thymus make sure T cells won’t recognize self]
Name the peripheral lymphoid organs and describes what happens at these sites
pathogens and cytokines come to these places to activate the adaptive immunity
o Lymph nodes
o Spleen
o Mucosal and cutaneous lymphoid tissues
CD4 vs. CD8
CD4+ cells = helper T lymphoctyes
CD8+ cells = cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Name the three main CD4 cells, their main function, and major cytokine
Th1
- activates macrophages
- activates killer T cells
- interferon gamma
Th2
- activates B cells to produce antibody
- IL-4
Th17
- produces inflammation in tissues
- IL-17
Describe Phase 1 of the immune response
Phase 1 of the immune response occurs first and rapidly and includes the non-induced innate/non-specific response: preformed defenses [skin barrier, pH, salivia, proteases]
Describe Phase 2 of the immune response
Phase 2 of the immune response occurs begins around 4 hours post infection/injury and includes the induced innate/broadly specific response: phagocytosis, complement activation, other inflammatory mechanisme, cytokine secretion
Describe Phase 3 of the immune response
Phase 3 of the immune response begins at about 96 hours post infection/injury and includes the induced adaptice/highly specific response: B cells [antibodies], helper T cells, cytolytic T cells
