Chemo Drugs Flashcards
Name the chemo drugs that are microtubule inhibitors
Paclitaxel
Vinblastine
Vincristine & Vincristine sulfate [LIPOSOME injection]
How do microtubule inhibitors kill the cancer cells?
- the vinca alkaloids inhibit microtubule formation
- paclitaxel inhibits microtubule assembly
- they PREVENT CELLS FROM ENTERING MITOSIS
Name the anthracylines chemo drugs
- Daunorubicin
- liposomal daunorubicin/cytarabine
- doxorubicin [standard and liposomal]
- mitoxantrone
- idarubicin
Describe the mechanism of action of anthracyclines
- intercalate between nucleotide base pairs
- inhibit topoisomerase II
- generate free radicals within target cells
Name the chemo drugs that are alkylating agents
- bendamustine
- busulfan
- carboplatin
- chlorambucil
- cisplatin [platinum agent]
- cyclophosphamide
- dacarbazine
- ifosfamide
- lomustine
- mechlorethamine [nitrogen mustard] -in FA call nitrosoureas
- melphalan
- oxaliplaatin
- procarbazine
- temozolomide
Describe the mechanism of action of the alkylating agents. Which drugs are cell cycle-independent drugs according to First Aid?
- alkylating agents and platinum agents cross-link DNA [FA]; they bind to nucleotides to inhibit cell replication
- Cell cycle-independent drugs:
- cisplatin
- busulfan
- cyclophosphamide
- ifosfamide
- nitrosoureas [eg. carmustine]
Name the chemo drugs that are purine analogs
- Cladribine
- Clofarabine
- Fludarabine
- Mercaptopurine [FA: 6-mercaptopurine]
- Nelarabine
- Pentostatin
- Thioguanine
Describe the mechanism of action of purine analogs
- they make bad DNA by inserting false purines into replicating cell DNA, resulting in cell death
Name the chemo drugs classified as inhibitors of pyrimidine synthesis
- Azacitidine [hypomethylating agent]
- Cytarabine
- Decitabine [hypomethylating agent]
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Describe the mechanism of action for inhibiting pyrimidine synthesis
they insert false pyrimidines into replicating DNA resulting in cell death
Name the chemo drugs classified as proteosome inhibitors
- Bortezomib
- Carfilzomib
- Ixazomib
Describe the mechanism of action of the proteosome inhibitor drugs
- inhibit the 26s proteasome resulting in a build-up of ubiquintated cell proteins which results in cell apoptosis
Name the chemo drugs which are classified as antimetabolites
- Methotrexate
- Pralatrexate
Describe the mechanism of action of the antimetabolites
antimetabolites interfere with DNA production and in the case of methotrexate and pralatrexate they do this by blocking dihydrofolate reductase which reduces the pool of reduced folate needed for cell replication
Name the chemo drugs which are targeted therapy for CML
- Acalabrutinib
- Bosutinib
- Copanlisib
- Dasatinib
- Enasidenib
- Ibrutinib
- Idelalisib
- Imatinib
- Midostaurin
- Nilotinib
- Ponatinib
- Ruxolitinib
Describe the mechanism of action for drugs that target CML specifically
these drugs bind to the ATP binding site of the BCR-ABL onco-protein stopping the protein from stimulating cell reproduction [blocks the tyrosine kinase activity]
Name the chemo drugs classified as immune modulators
- aldesleukin [IL-2]
- axicavtagene ciloleucel
- interferon
- lenalidomide
- pomalidomide
- thalidomide
- tisagenlecleucel
Describe the mechanism of action of immune modulators
they modulate the immune system and are antiangiogenic
Name the one drug that is a protein synthesis inhibitor targeting BCR-ABL protein in CML
- Omacetaxine mepesuccinate
Name the two drugs that consume cellular asparagine [this is bad because asparagine is essential for cell replication]
- L-Asparaginase
- Pegasrapinase
Name the one chemo drug that is an antibiotic and describe how it works
- Bleomycin
- works by introducing DNA strand breaks [both single and double-stranded]
Name the chemo drugs classified as differentiating agents
- All-trans-retionic acid [Tretinoin]
- arsenic trioxide
Describe how differentiating agents work
They induce the differentiation of leukemia cells in APL by binding to retinoic acid receptors. They overcome the receptor changes and allow the genes necessary for maturation to be transcribed.
Name the chemo drugs which are monoclonal antibodies
- Alemtuzumab [anti-CD52]
- Blinatumomab [anti-CD19]
- Brentuximab vedotin [anti-CD30]
- daratumumab [anti-CD38]
- Elotuzumab [anti-SLAMF7]
- Gemtuzumab ozogamicin [anti-CD33]
- inotuzumab ozogmicin [anti -CD19]
- iodine-131-tositumomab [anti-CD20]
- nivolumab [anti-PD1]
- ofatumumab [anti-CD20]
- Pembrolizumab [anti-PD1]
- Rituimab [anti-CD20]
- Yttrium-90-ibritumomab [anti-CD20]
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Describe how the monoclonal antibodies work against lymphoma
- monoclonal antibodies bind cells via CD20, CD19, or other proteins on B cells causing antibody-dependent and complement-dependent cytotoxic effects or linkage with an antineoplastic moiety linked to the monoclonal antibody
Name the chemo drugs that are topoisomerase inhibitors and describe the mechanism of action
- Etoposide
- Teniposide
- Topotecan
- Irinotecan
MOA: block topoisomerase I or II. They result in single and double-strand breaks in the DNA.
Name the one drug that is a ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor and describe it’s mechanism of action
- Hydroxyurea
MOA: prevents conversion of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides, halting the cell cycle in G1/S phase
Name the glucocorticosteriods and describe the mechanism of action
- dexamethasone
- methylprednisolone
- prednisone
MOA: they are directly toxic to lymphocytes and induce cell death/apoptosis
Name the drugs which are epigenetic modifiers of translated DNA
- Belinostat
- Panobinostat
- Romidepsin
- Vorinostat
Describe the mechanism of action of epigenetic modifiers of translated DNA
block histone deactylase - histones are less compact and gene activation can take place
Name the common therapies for acute myelogenous leukemia [AML]
- Daunorubicin or idarubicin [anthracyclines]
- cytosine arabinoside [pyrimidine analog]
Name the common therapies for acute lymphocyte leukemia
- prednisone [glucocorticosteroid]
- vincristine [microtubule inhibitor]
- asparaginase [consumes cellular asparagine]
- daunorubicin [anthracycyline]
Name the common therapies for Hodgkin’s Disease
- Adriamycin [Doxorubicin]
- Bleomycin [antibiotic - causes DNA strand breaks]
- Vincristine [microtubule inhibitor]
- Dacarbazine [alkylating agent - cross-link DNA]
