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FTM > week 1 > Flashcards

week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

ABC Transporters and example

A

ATP Binding Cassett
Active transport–needs ATP

EX: CFTR (cystic fibrosis conductance regulator)- acts as a chloride ion channel. Flows down [] gradient, does not pump.

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2
Q

ω-6 fatty acids (essential)

A

Linoleic acid (18:2)– PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acid)

Arachidonic acid

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3
Q

ω-3 fatty acids (essential)

A

α-linoleic acid (18:3)– PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acid)

EPA and DHA

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4
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external variances.

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5
Q

Positive feedback and examples

A

Amplify the original disturbance. Has a definitive endpoint.

Ex: birth, ejaculation, ovulation.

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6
Q

Negative feedback and example

A

Action taken to prevent further change.

Ex: blood glucose level. Blood glucose too high, beta-cells sense, secrete insulin, glucose re-uptake.

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7
Q

Steady state

A

Maintenance of a state that does not change with time, requires Energy.

Ex: ECF[Na+]>ICF[Na+]

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8
Q

Equilibrium

A

No net energy is transfered between two compartments.

Both compartments have same amount of free energy.

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9
Q

Nucleus

A

DNA is sequestered in the nucleus.

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10
Q

Ribosomes and 2 types

A

Made in the nucleolus and enters cytoplasm.

Site of protein synthesis (translation)

  1. Membrane-bound ribosomes
  2. Free ribosomes
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11
Q

Membrane-bound ribosome

A

Attached to RER

Produce:
lysosomal proteins
secreted proteins
plasma membrane proteins

Ribosome->ER->Golgi-> lysosome, secretion, plasma membrane

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12
Q

Free ribosomes

A

Unattached to membrane.

Nucleus
Mitochondria
Cytosol
Peroxisomes

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13
Q

Rough ER (RER)

A

Protein synthesis for plasma membrane, lysosome, or secretion.

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14
Q

Smooth ER (SER)

A

Lipid metabolism, detoxification (liver), sequester calcium (muscle)

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15
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Complex of flatten, membrane-enclosed cisternae.

  1. Post-translational modifications
  2. Sorting
  3. Packaging
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16
Q

rER & Golgi Transport

A

COP-I coated vesicles: Retrograde. CGN to rER.

COP-II coated vesicle: Anterograde.
rER to CGN.

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17
Q

Lysosome

A

Digestive organelle. Intracellular digestion of macromolecules.

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18
Q

Mannose 6-Phosphate (M6P)

A

M6P receptor in TGN recognize lysosomal enzyme and transport to lysosomes.

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19
Q

Lysosomal storage disease (LSD)

A

Caused by mutation from mutations in genes that encode lysosomal enzymes. Accumulation of undigested products. Cell death.

*Impacts neurons and CNS.

Ex: Tay-Sachs Disease
Deficiency of HEXA (beta-hexosaminidase A, alpha-subunit)
Accumulation of GM2 ganglioside

20
Q

Mitochondria

A

Generate ATP.
Double stranded circular DNA.

Inner membrane=oxidative reactions, synthesize ATP, regulate metabolite transport.

Intermembrane space= cytochrome c (programmed cell death)

Outer membrane= porins

21
Q

Mitochondrial diseases

A

Affects tissues that require large amounts of ATP.

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy
Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers (MERRF)

22
Q

Peroxisomes and diseases

A

Degrade toxic reactive oxygen molecules

Important for fat metabolism.
Synthesized by free cytoplasmic ribosomes.

Ex: Zellweger Syndome

23
Q

Nucleolus

A

Site of ribosome production.

RNA transcription and ribosomal subunit assembly.

24
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Inner nuclear membrane- stabilizes the nuclear envelope.

Outer nuclear membrane- continuous with the rER. Cytoplasmic surface has ribosomes.

25
Q

Nuclear pore complex (NPC)

A

For transport between nucleus and cytoplasm.

Spans inner and outer membrane.

26
Q

Chromatin structure (2 types)

A

Chromosomes in various degree of uncoiling.

Euchromatin- lightly stain. Less condensed. More transcriptionally active!

Heterochromatin-densely stain. More condensed. Less transcriptionally active.

27
Q

Lysosomal degradation (3 types)

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Endocytosis
  3. Autophagy (Self eating. Turnover of organelles for new ones)
28
Q

Intracellular inclusions

A

Cytoplasmic or nuclear structures formed from metabolic products of the cell.

Pigments

  • Lipofuscin
  • Hemosiderrin
  • Melanin

Glycogen (store glucose)

Lipid (energy store and source of short carbon chains for membrane synthesis)

29
Q

Cytoskeleton protein filaments

A
  1. Actin filaments
  2. Microtubules
  3. Intermediate filaments

Acts as tracks for motor proteins to move material within the cell.

30
Q

Actin filaments

A

Anchorage

Structural core of microvilli and stereocillia

31
Q

Intermediate filament

A

Resist sheer force

Keratins
Vimentin
Neurofilaments
Lamins
Beeded filaments
32
Q

Microtubules

A

Cilia
Flagella
Centrioles
Centrosome

33
Q

Centrosome

A

Organizes microtubules. Initiates microtubule formation. Contains a pair of centrioles.

34
Q

Cilia

A

Microtubule-based, hair like strucutre.
9+2 arrangement
Pair of dynein arms
Anchored to cell via basal body.

35
Q

Primary cilia

A 
Sensory antennae
-photoreceptors
-chemoreceptors
-mechanoreceptors
9+0 arrangement
36
Q

Microtubule motors

A

Dynein– moves toward (-)
ie cilia and flagella

Kinesin– moves toward (+)

37
Q

Cell movement

A

Protrusion-driven by actin polymerization
Attachment
Contraction

*Actin motor

38
Q

Membrane protrusion structures (3)

A

Filopodia (finger like projections)
Lamellipodia (sheet-like)
Pseudopodia (3D projection)

39
Q

Neutrophil migration

A

Extravasation

  1. rolling
  2. activation
  3. adhesion
  4. transendothelial migration

Chemotaxis

40
Q

Membrane lipid (3)

A

Cholesterol-decreases fluidity. Intercalates between phospholipids.
Glycolipid-outer monolayer. contain sugar.
Phospholipid-most abundant

41
Q

Phospholipids (5)

A 
Phosphatidylserine
Phosphatidylethanolamine
Phosphatidylcholine
Phosphatidylinositol
Sphingomyelin
42
Q

2 major classes of membrane protein

A

Lipids

Proteins-integral and pheripheral

43
Q

Integral membrane proteins (6)

A
  1. Pumps/carrier/transporters
  2. Receptors
  3. Linkers
  4. Channels
  5. Enzymes
  6. Structural proteins
44
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Carbohydrate rich zone at cell surface.

Cell-cell recognition

Lectins

Protection

Microenvironment of cell surface

45
Q

Vesicular trafficking (3)

A
  1. Constitutive secretory pathway
  2. regulated secretory pathway
  3. lysosomal pathway
46
Q

Endocytosis (3)

A

Receptor mediated (cargo specific, clathrin dependent)

pinocytosis (non specific, clathrin independent)

phagocytosis (clathrin independent, actin dependent)

47
Q

Exocytosis (2)

A

Regulated (secretory cells ie endocrine, exocrine, neurons)- may be stored until needed

Constitutive (substance continuously delivered to plasma membrane)

FTM (6 decks)

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