Week 1 Flashcards
What are the three types of muscles in the body?
Smooth muscle: Involuntary, contractions are slow and sustained, resistant to fatigue;
Skeletal muscle: Attached to and cover the skeleton, voluntary;
Cardiac muscle: Exists only in the heart, involuntary.
The perimetrium refers to?
Outer layer of the uterus.
Hormones of pregnancy influence uterine changes, primarily:
Eostrogen promotes growth of myometrial muscle.
Anatomical features affected in grade 2 female genital mutilation are?
Clitoris and labia minora.
What anatomical features can be viewed when a woman is giving birth?
Clitoris, urethral opening, labia minora, mons pubis.
True or False, the android pelvis is the ideal female pelvis?
FALSE - the Gynaecoid pelvis is the ideal.
True or False: The platypelloid pelvis is typically oval shaped?
TRUE
True or False: Female genital mutilation (FGM) has four classifcations.
FALSE - there are three.
What are the three levels of female genital mutilation (FGM)?
Level 1 - Clitoris;
Level 2 - Clitoris and labia minora;
Level 3 - Clitoris, labia minora and labia majora.
Name the bones of the bony pelvis.
Sacrum; Coccyx; Two innominate bones consisting of: * ilium * ishcium * pubic bone Symphysis Pubis Pelvic brim
What is the name of the joint connecting the sacrum and the ilium?
Sacroiliac Joint
What is the name of the joint connecting the sacrum and the coccyx?
Sacrococcygeal joint
What are the three layers of the uterus called?
Perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium.
Name the three parts of the cervix.
Internal OS, cervical canal, External OS
What is the vesicouterine or uterovesical pouch?
The pouch between the uterus and the bladder that is formed by the perimetrium.
What is the rectouterine pouch, or pouch of douglas?
The pocket of the peritoneal cavity between the uterus and the rectum.
What is the detrusor muscle?
The muscle wall of the bladder.
What separates the pelvic cavity from the perineum?
The pelvic floor.
The perineal membrane is inferior to the….?
Pelvic diaphragm.
What is the perineal membrane?
A triangular membrane between the pelvic diaphragm and the deep perineal pouch.
What does the Levator Ani consist of?
Pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus, and the ishciococcygeus muscles.
The levator ani is vital for ….?
Control of bowel and bladder functions.
What are the four basic types of pelvis?
Android, anthropoid, gynaecoid, platypelloid.
The placenta implants in the ….. ?
Wall of the endometrium.
Which layer of the myometrium is termed the “living ligatures” and why?
The middle layer as it has fibres that obliquely wrap around blood vessels in a tight network constricting, to expel the fetus and to control bleeding after birth.
What is effacement?
The softening and shortening of the cervix.
Where is the fundus located?
At the top of the uterine body extending to, but not including, the fallopian tubes.
What is the perimetrium?
The outer layer of the uterus. A loosely fit sheath to allow for the unrestricted growth of the uterus during pregnancy and fans out to form the broad ligament which holds the uterus firmly in place.
What is the myometrium?
The middle layer of the uterus. This layer is composed of smooth muscle which is arranged in three layers.
What is the endometrium?
The inner layer of the uterus. This is the mucous lining of the uterine cavity and is where a fertilised ovum will implant and grow.
Describe the three layers of the myometrium.
Inner layer: circular fibres that run in a longitudanal plane from the anterior cervix, up over the fundus and back to the posterior edge of the cervix.
Middle layer: contains interlaced spiral fibres which form figure eight networks around blood vessels. “Living Ligatures”
Outer layer: combination of longitudunal and circular smooth muscle fibres.
What is the main purpose of the inner layer of the myometrium?
Acts to dilate the cervix during labour.
What is the main purpose of the middle layer of the myometrium?
Involved in downward propulsion of the fetus; minimises blood loss.
What is the peritoneum?
The membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity.
What is the fourchette?
The small fold of skin where the labia minora join.
What are Bartholin’s glands?
Glands that produce mucous that lubricates the vestibule during sex. They are embedded in the connective tissue connected to the vestibule.
What is the vestibule?
The cleft between the labia minora into which the urethral and vaginal orifice opens.
What is the normal pH of the vagina?
4.5
How is the pH of the vagina maintained?
Glycogen is released from the cells and broken down by bacteria to form lactic acid.
What are the names of the four segments of the fallopian tubes?
Infundibulum (fibriated portion): the end that receives the oocyte from the ovary and has fimbriae that are fingerlike parts that sweep the oocyte into the tube.
Ampulla: longest and widest section of the tube where fertilisation normally occurs.
Isthmus
Interstitial: lumen is only 1mm in diameter here.
What are the six layers of the pelvic floor?
- Pelvic peritoneum;
- Visceral layer of pelvic fascia;
- Deep muscles encased in fascia;
- Superficial muscles encased in fascia;
- Subcutaneous fat;
- Skin.
Collectively, what are the muscles of the levator ani called?
Coccygeus muscles.
True or False: The levator ani is the deep muscles of the pelvic floor.
TRUE
The levator ani and the fascia covering their surfaces are collectively known as….?
The pelvic diaphragm.
What muscles make up the superficial muscles of the pelvic floor?
Transverse perinei; Bulbocavernosus; Ischiocavernosus; External anal sphincter; External urinary meatus.
What is the main function of the superficial muscles of the pelvic floor?
They provide additional strength. They lie underneath the deep muscles like webbing of a chair.
What is the main function of the pubococcygeus?
Support and maintain the position of pelvic viscera;
Resist increased intra-abdominal pressure during forced expiration, vomiting, coughing, urination and defecation;
Constrict the anus, urethra and vagina;
Support the fetal head during childbirth.
What is the main function of the iliococcygeus?
Support and maintain position of pelvic viscera;
Resist increased intra-abdominal pressure;
Pull the coccyx anteriorly following defecation or childbirth.
What is the main function of the ischiococcygeus?
Help to stabilise the sacroiliac and sacrococcygeal joints of the pelvis and also flex the coccygeal joints.
What shape is the platypelloid pelvis?
Kidney shaped brim.
What shape is the Gynaecoid pelvis?
This is the ideal female pelvis. It has a rounded brim.
What shape is the android pelvis?
This is a typical male pelvis, and has a heart shaped brim.
