WEEK 1 Flashcards
What bonds are stronger - ionic or covalent?
Covalent
What is the main role of sugars?
They are a source of energy for cells
What are carbohydrates?
Sugars which can be joined together
What is an important component of cel membranes?
Fatty acids
What are steroids?
4 fused carbon rings with functional groups attached
What are the uses of amino acids?
- Sources of energy
- Neurotransmitters e.g. glutamine
- Precursors for other molecules e.g. glycine precursor for porphyrin ring
What does the 3D structure of biomolecules determine?
The immune response
What is the function of biomolecules determined by?
Composition
Bonds
Structure
What is the (i) pathology (ii) aetiology (iii) pathogenesis?
(i) The classification of disease
(ii) The cause
(iii) The process
How is a death certificate written?
1A - cause of death (Ventricular fibrillation)
1B - secondary cause (MI)
1C - (Hypertension)
2 - other contributing factors (Diabetes mellitus)
What is the role of histopathology?
Diagnosis - what is it
Prognosis - what will happen
Prediction - how it will respond to treatment
What are the different approaches to studying anatomy? (HINT: there’s 6)
- Systematic - integrates anatomy, physiology, pharmacology etc
- Regional - essential for understanding the effects of widespread disease
- Surface(/living) - fundamental to clinical examination
- Radiological
- Cross sectional - understanding imaging
- Microscopic - histology/pathology
What is the (i) Sagittal plane (ii) Coronal plane (iii) Transverse plane?
(i) Parallel to the median plane, divides the body into L & R parts
(ii) At a right angle to the median plane, cuts the body into ant & post
(iii) Cross section of the body
How does embryonic segmentation and folding relate to adult anatomy?
- SEGMENTATION: from somites & mesoderm
- segmentation retained in relation to the spinal cord, their emerging spinal nerves, dermatomes & myotomes - FOLDING OF TRILAMINAR DISC:
ectoderm = skin & neural tube (that becomes the SC)
mesoderm = CVS, also splits to form cavities
endoderm = GI & reproductive systems
What is meant by visceral & parietal layers of the serous pericardium, plura and peritoneum?
PARIETAL layer = outer layer (against cavity wall)
VISCERAL layer = inner layer (on the organ)
- In between the visceral and parietal layer is fluid which allows the viscus/viscera to move without friction
What are the anatomical features that allow movement and distension of structures in the body? (HINT: there’s 3)
- STRUCTURES invaginate into “balloons” of serous slippery membranes creating a visceral layer on the organ and a parietal layer against the wall of the cavity. The intervening potential space is lubricated by a few mls of serous fluid.
- TENDONS “bury” themselves into synovial tendon sheaths, allowing blood supply & movement in potential space between visceral & parietal
- Layers of FASCIA separates muscles into compartments => potential spaces allowing movement between muscles & passage of nerves & blood vessels
What are bursae?
Sacs of synovium forming potential lubricating spaces between ligaments/tendons & adjacent bone
What is compartment syndrome?
Injury to the muscle within a compartment which can cause swelling & increased pressure that COMPRESSES neurovascular bundles