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anatomy med school > week 1 > Flashcards

week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

superficial extrinsic back muscles

A

levator scapulae, rhomboid minor, rhomboid major, latissimus dorsi, trapezius

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2
Q

what innervates the extrinsic back muscles? (except trapezius)

A

anterior rami of spinal nerves

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3
Q

what innervates trapezius?

A

accessory nerve (CN XI)

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4
Q

thoracolumbar fascia

A

fascial layer than separates extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the back

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5
Q

what innervates the intrinsic back muscles?

A

posterior rami of spinal nerves

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6
Q

actions of trapezius

A

descending = elevation of scapula
middle = retracts scapula
ascending = depressed scapula
descending + ascending = superior rotation of shoulder (glenohumeral) joint

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7
Q

trapezius palsy

A
  • droopy shoulder
  • result of injury to CN XI
  • treated via surgical eden-lange procedure
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8
Q

eden-lange procedure

A

levator scapulae is moved to the scapular spine, rhomboids are moved to posterior inferior scapula

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9
Q

innervation of latissimus dorsi

A

thoracodorsal nerve (branch of brachial plexus)

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10
Q

actions of latissimus dorsi

A

extends, adducts, and medially rotates the humerus at the glenohumeral joint

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11
Q

innervation of levator scapulae

A

dorsal scapular nerve (branch of brachial plexus)

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12
Q

actions of levator scapulae

A
  • elevates scapula

- rotates glenoid cavity inferiorly

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13
Q

innervation of rhomboid minor and major

A

dorsal scapular nerve (branch of brachial plexus)

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14
Q

actions of rhomboid minor and major

A
  • retract scapula
  • inferior rotation of glenohumeral joint
  • fix scapula to thoracic wall
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15
Q

intermediate layer of intrinsic back muscles - erector spine group

A

spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis

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16
Q

deep layer of intrinsic back muscles - paraspinous muscles

A

semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis, rotatores longi, rotatores brevis, multifundus

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17
Q

back sprain

A

only ligamentous tissue, or attachment of ligament to bone, is involved, without dislocation or fracture

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18
Q

back strain

A

involves some degree of stretching or microscopic tearing of muscle fibers
* often involve erector spinae muscles

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19
Q

dorsal rami

A

spinal nerve trunk that goes to the back

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20
Q

ventral rami

A

spinal nerve trunk that goes to the body walls and limbs

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21
Q

dorsal scapular n. (C5)

A

emerges between the anterior and middle scalenes (neck muscles) before tracking back posteriorly, deep to elevator scapulae and rhomboids

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22
Q

thoracodorsal n. (C6-8)

A

innervates latissimus dorsi

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23
Q

dermatomes

A

unilateral area of skin innervated by the sensory (GSA) fibers of a single spinal nerve

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24
Q

cutaneous nerves

A

supplies an area of the skin that is related to a peripheral nerve; includes fibers from several spinal nerves

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25
Q

suboccipital triangle contents

A
  • suboccipital n. (C1)

- vertebral a.

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26
Q

suboccipital triangle boundaries

A

superomedial: rectus capitis posterior major
inferolateral: obliquus capitis inferior
superolateral: obliquus capitis superior

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27
Q

ateriosclerosis

A

blood flow is reduced leading to prolonged head movements to cause light-headedness and dizziness

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28
Q

AnteriorLongitudinalLigament: where is it and what does it prevent

A

Strong,broadfibrousbandthatrunsalongtheanterior vertebralbodiespreventsHYPEREXTENSION.

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29
Q

PosteriorLongitudinalLigament:

A

Narrower,weakerthanAntlonglig,runswithinthevertebral canal,alongposterioraspectofvertebralbodiesandintervertebraldiscsPreventsHYPERFLEXION

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30
Q

LigamentumFlavum

A

elastic yellowbandoftissueconnectinglaminaeofadjacentvertebra
limitsFLEXION.

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31
Q

SupraspinousLigament

A

runsalongtopsifspinousprocessesfromC7tosacrum,(c1­c6spines aretoosmall)
Limitsflexion

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32
Q

Interspinousligament

A

Connectadjoiningspinousprocesses.limitflexion

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33
Q

NuchalLigament

A

Thick,fibroelastic,medianbandrunninfromtheexternaloccipital protuberancetoC7spinousprocess,Attachestothespinousprocessesofcervicalvertebrae, allowsforattachmentofbackmuscles

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34
Q

Atlanto­AxialJoint does what

A

rotation,shakes head no

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35
Q

Atlanto­OccipitalJoint does what

A

flexionand extension(nodheadyes)

36
Q

What level does the spinal cord terminate at in kids and adults

A

adult L1-L2 and kids L3-L4

37
Q

LumbarCistern

A

Enlargementofsubarachnoidspace,betweenL2conusands2endofdural sac,siteoflumbarpunctureandspinalanesthesia

38
Q

DuralSac

A

Duramatersurroundscaudaequina,endingats2formingasac

39
Q

DuraMater

A

Toughmother,outermostlayer,thickfibroustissue

40
Q

ArachnoidMater

A

filmylayerdeeptotheduramater

41
Q

PiaMater

A

Layercoveringthespinalcord, , directly attached to the spinal cord

42
Q

Epidural space

A

Spacebetweenvertebralcanal,&duramater,containsfat

43
Q

Subdural space

A

onlyseenpathologically,spacebetweendura&arachnoid

44
Q

Subarachnoid

A

Spacebetweenarachnoidandpia,containsCSF

45
Q

cervical enlargement

A

located from c3-t2 where sensory input comes from and motor output goes to upper limbs

46
Q

lumbar enlargement

A

located between L1 and S3 where sensory input and motor output coming in/out from the lower limbs

47
Q

cervical nerves, how many are there and where do they exit

A

8, superior to the vertebra

48
Q

C1BurstFracture(Jefferson)

A

occipital condyles driven into lateral masses and c1; often a 4 part fracture through anterior/posterior arches

49
Q

C2Hangman’sFracture:

A

Pediclesfracturedposteriortosuperiorarticularfacetsduetoabrupt hyperextension,fractureatPARSINTERARTICULARIS

50
Q

Crush/Compressionfractures

A

suddenforcefulflexion,fractureofthebodyofoneormore vertebrae,mayalsocausedislocationandfxofthearticularfacetsbetweentwovertebrae,with ruptureoftheinterspinousligaments,MVAorsevereblows

51
Q

ChanceFracture

A

Flexioninjury,anteriorcompressionfx,fxacrosstransverseprocess,MVAor fallfromhighplace.

52
Q

Whiplash

A

Hyperextensionoftheneck:Anteriorlongitudinallig.severelystretched&maybe torn,canbeaccompaniedbyhyperflexioninjuryasheadrebounds.

53
Q

Herniation

A

nucleus purposes protrudes through annulus fibrosis due to abrupt hyperextension; typically posterolateral

54
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS) includes

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • cerebellum, brainstem, diencephalon,
  • cranial nerves I and II
55
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) includes

A
  • spinal nerves
  • cranial nerves III-XII
  • ganglia (dorsal root and autonomic ganglia)
56
Q

What do axons in the PNS form?

A

NERVES

57
Q

what do axons in the CNS form?

A

Tracts

58
Q

what are neuron cell bodies called in the PNS?

A

Ganglia

  • dorsal root Ganglia
  • Autonomic ganglia
59
Q

What are neuron cell bodies in the CNS called?

A

Nuclei

60
Q

Axons in the somatic nervous system for voluntary motor are called what and in which direction do they travel?

A

axons are called general somatic efferent (GSE)

-efferent=brain to body

61
Q

Axons in the somatic nervous system for somatic sensory are called what and in which direction do they travel?

A

General Somatic Afferent (GSA) from the body to the brain

90% of axons are GSA

62
Q

General somatic afferent (GSA) travels where?

A

travel from the spinal nerve and enter the dorsal root then become tract w/in the spinal cord to the brain

63
Q

General Somatic efferent (GSE)

A

axons travel from the brain, synapse in the spinal cord, then travel the VENTRAL root to enter the nerve

64
Q

what are the primary curvatures of the spine?

A

thoracic and sacral

65
Q

what are the secondary curvatures of the spine

A

cervical and lumbar

66
Q

which veins allow cancer to spread and why

A

internal vertebral venous plexus-because they don’t have a valve

67
Q

Zygapophysial (facet) joint

A

Articulation of inferior articular
facet of one vertebra with the
superior articular facet of the
next vertebra in sequence

68
Q

what ligament attaches to the posterior articular facet of the dens

A

transverse ligament of atlas

69
Q

denticulate ligament

A

anchors spinal cord to the dura mater, found at the midpoint btwn 2 spinal nerves, and its an extension of the pia mater

70
Q

3 normal curvatures of the spine

A
  1. cervical lordosis
  2. thoracic kyphosis
  3. lumbar lordosis
71
Q

Right scoliosis

A

dextroscoliosi -convex right

72
Q

left scoliosis

A

levoscoliso-convex left

73
Q

characteristics of at a cervical vertebrae on a ct/xray

A

short pedicles

long lamina

74
Q

characteristics of at a thoracic vertebrae on a ct/xray

A

rib articulation
longer pedicules
short lamina

75
Q

characteristics of at a lumbar vertebrae on a ct/xray

A

bulky vertebral bodies

76
Q

primary curvature that develops during the fetal period

A

kyphotic

still found in the thoracic and sacral region

77
Q

secondary curvatures that result from the flex fetal position and then infants hold their head up

A

lordosis

found in cervical and lumbar region

78
Q

Glenohumeral joint – the shoulder

A

ball and socket joint

depth is added via the fibrocartilaginous gleniod labrum

79
Q

coracoacromial arch is formed by what and prevents what

A

the coracoid process
the coracoacromial ligament
and the acromion process

prevents superior displacement of the humerus

80
Q

which nerve is is purely motor/GSE axons

A

suboccipital nerve (posterior ramus of C1)

81
Q

osteoporosis

A

more bone material gets reabsorbed than built up, resulting in loss of bone mass

82
Q

coccydynia

A

tail bone damage

83
Q

spina bifida occulta

A

birth defect, arches l5 and/or s1 fail to develop normal and fuse together

84
Q

spina bifida cystica

A

more severe, vertebral arches fail to develop completely

85
Q

ankylosing spondylitis

A

form of spinal arthritis, causes fusion of multiple vertebrae

anatomy med school (3 decks)

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