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anatomy med school > week 1 > Flashcards

week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

superficial extrinsic back muscles

A

levator scapulae, rhomboid minor, rhomboid major, latissimus dorsi, trapezius

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2
Q

what innervates the extrinsic back muscles? (except trapezius)

A

anterior rami of spinal nerves

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3
Q

what innervates trapezius?

A

accessory nerve (CN XI)

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4
Q

thoracolumbar fascia

A

fascial layer than separates extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the back

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5
Q

what innervates the intrinsic back muscles?

A

posterior rami of spinal nerves

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6
Q

actions of trapezius

A

descending = elevation of scapula
middle = retracts scapula
ascending = depressed scapula
descending + ascending = superior rotation of shoulder (glenohumeral) joint

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7
Q

trapezius palsy

A
  • droopy shoulder
  • result of injury to CN XI
  • treated via surgical eden-lange procedure
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8
Q

eden-lange procedure

A

levator scapulae is moved to the scapular spine, rhomboids are moved to posterior inferior scapula

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9
Q

innervation of latissimus dorsi

A

thoracodorsal nerve (branch of brachial plexus)

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10
Q

actions of latissimus dorsi

A

extends, adducts, and medially rotates the humerus at the glenohumeral joint

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11
Q

innervation of levator scapulae

A

dorsal scapular nerve (branch of brachial plexus)

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12
Q

actions of levator scapulae

A
  • elevates scapula

- rotates glenoid cavity inferiorly

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13
Q

innervation of rhomboid minor and major

A

dorsal scapular nerve (branch of brachial plexus)

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14
Q

actions of rhomboid minor and major

A
  • retract scapula
  • inferior rotation of glenohumeral joint
  • fix scapula to thoracic wall
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15
Q

intermediate layer of intrinsic back muscles - erector spine group

A

spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis

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16
Q

deep layer of intrinsic back muscles - paraspinous muscles

A

semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis, rotatores longi, rotatores brevis, multifundus

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17
Q

back sprain

A

only ligamentous tissue, or attachment of ligament to bone, is involved, without dislocation or fracture

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18
Q

back strain

A

involves some degree of stretching or microscopic tearing of muscle fibers
* often involve erector spinae muscles

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19
Q

dorsal rami

A

spinal nerve trunk that goes to the back

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20
Q

ventral rami

A

spinal nerve trunk that goes to the body walls and limbs

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21
Q

dorsal scapular n. (C5)

A

emerges between the anterior and middle scalenes (neck muscles) before tracking back posteriorly, deep to elevator scapulae and rhomboids

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22
Q

thoracodorsal n. (C6-8)

A

innervates latissimus dorsi

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23
Q

dermatomes

A

unilateral area of skin innervated by the sensory (GSA) fibers of a single spinal nerve

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24
Q

cutaneous nerves

A

supplies an area of the skin that is related to a peripheral nerve; includes fibers from several spinal nerves

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25
suboccipital triangle contents
- suboccipital n. (C1) | - vertebral a.
26
suboccipital triangle boundaries
superomedial: rectus capitis posterior major inferolateral: obliquus capitis inferior superolateral: obliquus capitis superior
27
ateriosclerosis
blood flow is reduced leading to prolonged head movements to cause light-headedness and dizziness
28
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament: where is it and what does it prevent
Strong, broad fibrous band that runs along the anterior  vertebral bodies prevents HYPEREXTENSION. 
29
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament:
Narrower, weaker than Ant long lig, runs within the vertebral  canal, along posterior aspect of vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs Prevents HYPERFLEXION 
30
Ligamentum Flavum 
elastic yellow band of tissue connecting laminae of adjacent vertebra  limits FLEXION. 
31
Supraspinous Ligament
runs along tops if spinous processes from C7 to sacrum, (c1­c6 spines are too small)  Limits flexion  
32
Interspinous ligament
Connect adjoining spinous processes. limit flexion 
33
Nuchal Ligament
Thick, fibroelastic, median band runnin from the external occipital  protuberance to C7 spinous process, Attaches to the spinous processes of cervical vertebrae,  allows for attachment of back muscles  
34
Atlanto­Axial Joint does what
rotation,shakes head no
35
Atlanto­Occipital Joint does what
flexion and extension (nod head yes)  
36
What level does the spinal cord terminate at in kids and adults
adult L1-L2 and kids L3-L4
37
Lumbar Cistern
Enlargement of subarachnoid space, between L2 conus and s2 end of dural  sac, site of lumbar puncture and spinal anesthesia
38
Dural Sac
Dura mater surrounds cauda equina, ending at s2 forming a sac
39
Dura Mater
Tough mother, outermost layer, thick fibrous tissue
40
Arachnoid Mater
filmy layer deep to the dura mater 
41
Pia Mater
Layer covering the spinal cord,   , directly attached to the spinal cord
42
Epidural space
Space between vertebral canal, & dura mater, contains fat
43
Subdural space
only seen pathologically, space between dura&arachnoid  
44
Subarachnoid
Space between arachnoid and pia, contains CSF  
45
cervical enlargement
located from c3-t2 where sensory input comes from and motor output goes to upper limbs
46
lumbar enlargement
located between L1 and S3 where sensory input and motor output coming in/out from the lower limbs
47
cervical nerves, how many are there and where do they exit
8, superior to the vertebra
48
C1 Burst Fracture (Jefferson)
occipital condyles driven into lateral masses and c1; often a 4 part fracture through anterior/posterior arches
49
C2 Hangman's Fracture:
Pedicles fractured posterior to superior articular facets due to abrupt  hyperextension, fracture at PARS INTERARTICULARIS
50
Crush/ Compression fractures 
sudden forceful flexion, fracture of the body of one or more  vertebrae, may also cause dislocation and fx of the articular facets between two vertebrae, with  rupture of the interspinous ligaments, MVA or severe blows 
51
Chance Fracture
Flexion injury, anterior compression fx, fx across transverse process, MVA or  fall from high place. 
52
Whiplash
Hyperextension of the neck: Anterior longitudinal lig. severely stretched & may be  torn, can be accompanied by hyper flexion injury as head rebounds. 
53
Herniation
nucleus purposes protrudes through annulus fibrosis due to abrupt hyperextension; typically posterolateral
54
Central Nervous System (CNS) includes
- brain - spinal cord - cerebellum, brainstem, diencephalon, - cranial nerves I and II
55
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) includes
- spinal nerves - cranial nerves III-XII - ganglia (dorsal root and autonomic ganglia)
56
What do axons in the PNS form?
NERVES
57
what do axons in the CNS form?
Tracts
58
what are neuron cell bodies called in the PNS?
Ganglia - dorsal root Ganglia - Autonomic ganglia
59
What are neuron cell bodies in the CNS called?
Nuclei
60
Axons in the somatic nervous system for voluntary motor are called what and in which direction do they travel?
axons are called general somatic efferent (GSE) | -efferent=brain to body
61
Axons in the somatic nervous system for somatic sensory are called what and in which direction do they travel?
General Somatic Afferent (GSA) from the body to the brain | 90% of axons are GSA
62
General somatic afferent (GSA) travels where?
travel from the spinal nerve and enter the dorsal root then become tract w/in the spinal cord to the brain
63
General Somatic efferent (GSE)
axons travel from the brain, synapse in the spinal cord, then travel the VENTRAL root to enter the nerve
64
what are the primary curvatures of the spine?
thoracic and sacral
65
what are the secondary curvatures of the spine
cervical and lumbar
66
which veins allow cancer to spread and why
internal vertebral venous plexus-because they don't have a valve
67
Zygapophysial (facet) joint
Articulation of inferior articular facet of one vertebra with the superior articular facet of the next vertebra in sequence
68
what ligament attaches to the posterior articular facet of the dens
transverse ligament of atlas
69
denticulate ligament
anchors spinal cord to the dura mater, found at the midpoint btwn 2 spinal nerves, and its an extension of the pia mater
70
3 normal curvatures of the spine
1. cervical lordosis 2. thoracic kyphosis 3. lumbar lordosis
71
Right scoliosis
dextroscoliosi -convex right
72
left scoliosis
levoscoliso-convex left
73
characteristics of at a cervical vertebrae on a ct/xray
short pedicles | long lamina
74
characteristics of at a thoracic vertebrae on a ct/xray
rib articulation longer pedicules short lamina
75
characteristics of at a lumbar vertebrae on a ct/xray
bulky vertebral bodies
76
primary curvature that develops during the fetal period
kyphotic | still found in the thoracic and sacral region
77
secondary curvatures that result from the flex fetal position and then infants hold their head up
lordosis found in cervical and lumbar region
78
Glenohumeral joint – the shoulder
ball and socket joint | depth is added via the fibrocartilaginous gleniod labrum
79
coracoacromial arch is formed by what and prevents what
the coracoid process the coracoacromial ligament and the acromion process prevents superior displacement of the humerus
80
which nerve is is purely motor/GSE axons
suboccipital nerve (posterior ramus of C1)
81
osteoporosis
more bone material gets reabsorbed than built up, resulting in loss of bone mass
82
coccydynia
tail bone damage
83
spina bifida occulta
birth defect, arches l5 and/or s1 fail to develop normal and fuse together
84
spina bifida cystica
more severe, vertebral arches fail to develop completely
85
ankylosing spondylitis
form of spinal arthritis, causes fusion of multiple vertebrae

anatomy med school (3 decks)

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