Week 1-4 Flashcards
What are some of the models of health
Flow model
Equilibrium model
Describe: Flow model of health
Emphasis on flow and balance
- the body contains pipes and tubes and nothing must block these
- if there is a blockage toxins can be released into the bloodstream
- purging is done to prevent blockages (enemas, urine, vomit, poo)
Describe: Equilibrium model of health
Emphasis is on maintaining a balance in the body
- Hot and cold balance
- Body fluids balance
- Humoral systems balance
Hot and Cold balance
Who avoid cold food postnatally and why
Puerto Rican women because they believe cold food will not allow their discharges to flow freely and may cause clots
In what cultures is a larger body weight and shape considered healthy, attractive, respectful?
- West African countries
- Jamaican
In the context of Health in a CDC
Define: illness
Is the individual’s experience of being ill, sometimes when no disease can be found
In the context of Health in a CDC
Define: Sickness
Refers to the social response to being unwell (roles negotiated with society)
In the context of Health in a CDC
Define: Disease
Focuses on the pathological process of a health problem, deviation from biological norm
What are the 3 types of Healthcare categories in Kleinman’s Tripartite Scheme 1978
- Professional (e. Biomedicine, GP, Ayurveda, nurse)
- Folk (eg. Faith healing, Sharman)
- Popular (eg. Mother’s care, friends, partner)
What are the 2 types of healthcare categories in O’Connor’s theory 1995
- Conventional: Dominating systems according to country (eg. Biomedicine-USA, Accupuncture-China
- Vernacular: mother’s care, relational, faith healers etc
What are the 5 types of healthcare categories in Wardell’s theory (1972)
- Biomedical (drs, nurses)
- Adjunct (medical technicians)
- Limited (dentists, podiatrists)
- Marginals (chiro’s)
- Quasi medical (quaks)
Define: Culture
Is the learned patterns of thought, action, understanding and history through which we engage and interact with the world and other people around us
Define: Ethnicity
Focus is on belonging to a social and cultural group based on common regional origins and cultural traditions (Hampton and Toombs 2013)
Define: Diversity
Can be in the form of
- gender
- culture
- class
- race
- religion
- sexuality
What are the 4 principles that underpin our multicultural policy
- Responsibility of all
- Respect for each person
- Fairness for each person
- Benefits for all
Define: Cultural Sensitivity
Is consciousness and understanding of the morals, standards and principles of a specific culture, society, ethnic group or race
Define: Cultural Competence
Is the ability necessary for professional health personnel to provide safe and effective health services to clients with different cultural contexts
What are the 5 elements of Cultural Competence
- Cultural awareness
- Cultural knowledge
- Cultural skills
- Cultural encounter
- Cultural desire
Explain: the 5 elements of cultural competence
Awareness- self examination of ones own culture, values and biases
Knowledge- process of seeking and obtaining a sound educational foundation about diverse cultural/ethnic groups
Skill- is the ability to collect relevant cultural data regarding the clients presenting problem as well as performing a culturally based physical assessment
Encounter- is the process that encourages the healthcare provider to directly engage in cross-cultural interactions
Desire- is the motivation of the healthcare provider to WANT to engage in the process of becoming culturally aware etc
Define: Integration
Maintaining own group values and beliefs, as well as those of the larger social context to an extent
Define: Assimilation
Non-dominant group does not maintain indenting and seeks daily interaction with other cultures
Define: Separation
Maintaining own culture and avoiding interaction with other cultures
Define: marginalisation
Contact with own and other cultures is avoided
Explain: assumptions and stereotyping
Stereotyping involves making assumptions about the characteristics of an individual, which are based on a standard, simplistic characterisation of their culture
What are the 6 elements for the House of Wellbeing
- Education and learning
- Employment
- Housing
- Sense of self/purpose
- Hope (floor)
- Opportunity (roof)
What were the significant historical events affecting aboriginal health
Pre colonisation European settlement/invasion Segregation Assimilation Integration Self determination Self management Reconciliation/economic rationalisation a new beginning (sorry) stolen generation
Significant historical events and Policies affecting Aboriginal health
Explain: Pre-Colonisation
- originally lived in hunter gatherer societies
- lifestyle included physical activity, varied bush diet
Significant historical events and Policies affecting Aboriginal health
Explain: European settlement/invasion
- 1770 J. Cook claims east cost Australia
- 1788 first fleet lands in Port Jackson
- Post 1788 With continuing expansion of settlements, Aboriginal Australians were moved off their land and unable to be ‘hunters and gatherers’
Significant historical events and Policies affecting Aboriginal health- European settlement
Define: Terra Nullius
empty continent
Significant historical events and Policies affecting Aboriginal health- European settlement
The concept of land ownership was dependent on…
working the land
Significant historical events and Policies affecting Aboriginal health- European settlement
Why was Terra nullius adopted in Australia
because of a basic lack of understanding of Aboriginal culture
Explain: The Mabo judgement in 1982
It overturned the declarationof Terra Nullius and survival of Indigenous Australians’ property rights were recognised
Significant historical events and Policies affecting Aboriginal health
Explain: Segregation
1830- Tasmanian Aborigines were resettled on Flinders Island without success, as many people succumbed to illness and died. Later the community was moved to Cape Barren Island.
1837- Protectionist policies adopted. Such policies meant removal of people from their traditional lands and way of life and placing them on Government lands, reserves or mission settlements, often on poor quality land. The authorities restricted most aspects of their lives eg: movement, employment, income, association with family, hunting and gathering, language, spirituality etc
1909- Aborigines Protection Act was responsible for removal of mixed race children from their families. Here the emphasis was on segregating children of mixed backgrounds from their communities
Significant historical events and Policies affecting Aboriginal health- Segregation
What did the Aborigines Protection Act do?
is was responsible for the removal of mixed race children from their families
Significant historical events and Policies affecting Aboriginal health- Segregation
What was the impact of segregation policies over time
Segregation policies were expected to be unnecessary over time as the Aboriginal peoples ‘died out’ and disappeared into the wider Australian society.
Segregationist policies were a failure and caused far-reaching consequences of misery and deprivation for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.
Significant historical events and Policies affecting Aboriginal health
Explain: Assimilation
- During this period Indigenous people were expected to become like and live like non-Indigenous Australians
1953- Northern Territory Aboriginal people were made wards of the state. In most states people were denied equal wages and employment conditions.
- Many Aboriginal children, especially children from mixed backgrounds, were institutionalised and trained as domestic servants or rural workers
1960’s- Assimilation policies continued
Significant historical events and Policies affecting Aboriginal health- Integration
Explain: 1967 Referendum
The 1967 referendum was the first time Indigenous people were counted in the national Census, voted in by a 90% yes vote.
- This was important because it led to clearer information about the desperate state of Aboriginal health.
Significant historical events and Policies affecting Aboriginal health
Explain: Integration
1962- Indigenous Australians were recognised as citizens and had voting rights in Federal elections
1971- First Aboriginal Medical Service opened in Redfern, Sydney.
- Aboriginal-focussed health programs and training of Aboriginal Health Workers (AHW) began
Significant historical events and Policies affecting Aboriginal health
Explain: Self-determination
1970s- Aboriginal-led organisations were formed eg: Aboriginal Land Councils, Aboriginal Legal Services etc
1972- Gough Whitlam’s Labor government gave tied grants for Aboriginal health initiatives to Aboriginal community controlled health services
1972- Aboriginal activists launched the Tent Embassy in Canberra in response to PM McMahon’s refusal to grant Aboriginal land rights
Significant historical events and Policies affecting Aboriginal health
Explain: Self Management
1989- The National Health Strategy outlined an urgent need to address Aboriginal health inequality based on extensive consultation with Indigenous people
1990- Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC) was formed. This was a national organisation responsible for overseeing health and other essential services for Indigenous peoples.
Define: Institutional racism
systemic racism which is embedded into the structures of major institutions and organisations such as the legal, education or health systems.
Define: Ethnocentrism
the tendency to judge other people and groups by the values of one’s own ethnic background, usually accompanied with a belief in the superiority of one’s own culture’ s perspectives.
Define: Genocide
acts committed with the intent to destroy a national, ethnic, racial or religious group
Define: Eugenics
theory that said the quality of the human population could be improved by selective breeding for desirable traits
Define: Cultural Blindness
the phenomenon of disregarding a person’s culture or considering one culture as different from another, this is a barrier to developing knowledge about others’ culture.
Significant historical events and Policies affecting Aboriginal health
Explain: Reconciliation/economic rationalism
Reconciliation began as a grass roots movement to show solidarity between non-Indigenous and Indigenous people
2000s- During this time, several significant inquiries were held to bring forward issues related to Indigenous health
2004- ATSIC was closed down
2007- Little Children are Sacred Report highlighted growing problems emerging in Aboriginal health and communities, especially in remote areas
2007- Northern Territory Emergency Response – compulsory child health checks (later became voluntary)
- compulsory acquisition of land, income management, suspension of Racial Discrimination Act, Community Development Employment Program (CDEP) abolished
2008- Kevin Rudd’s sorry speech
Significant historical events and Policies affecting Aboriginal health
Explain: Stolen Generation
are a significant group of people within our society.
- The term also refers to the phenomenon that occurred, when family, kinship and communal ties were destroyed, sometimes forever and over several generations.
Define: Health Beliefs
generally describes beliefs and practices that are held or maintained by others
- Are also ideas and conceptualisations about health and illness that are derived from prevailing world views
Explain: Health beliefs based on biomedicine
Belief that illness and disease are caused by abnormalities in the structure and function of the body organs and systems
Explain: health beliefs based on personalistic systems
Belief that illness is caused by active intervention of a sensate agent, possibly supernatural force. There are 3 main causes: Supernatural forces (eg. ghosts) Non-human forces Human forces (eg. Witches)
Explain: Health beliefs based on naturalistic system
Health is seen as the balance of elements in the body. Illness is caused by either excessive heat or cold entering the body causing imbalance
What are the barriers to accessing healthcare for migrants with viral hepatitis infection
- Language barriers
- Cultural factors: stigma, belief around illness, perception of ‘health’
- Treatment factors: knowledge of treatments, fear, conflicts with cultural treatments, conflicting advice
- Socioeconomic factors: cost of seeking healthcare/treatment
Define: Culture clash
points out that two important factors will determine whether or not cultures clash: whether or not people recognise each other as human beings, and whether or not people share, or believe they share, similar values and beliefs.
Define: Prejudices
These are the positive or negative attitudes people develop around the stereotypes they have about the ‘other
Define: Discrimination
Discrimination is the acting out of prejudice, the active speaking or acting against those who are different from ‘us’
Define: Culture Conflict
The process of colonisation began with the ‘discovery’ of Australia by Captain Cook, who claimed the land for the Crown as ‘uninhabited’.
Define: Cultural Relativism
is, an acceptance that different cultures represent the legitimate adaptation of different peoples to various historical, natural, socio-economic and political environments.
What are the 4 keystones of Colonisation/Colonisalism
- basic ethnocentrism and xenophobia
- the ‘scientific’/intellectual climate of the times
- the Protestant ethic and industrialisation
- cultural violence
Explain: Culture
culture represents values, norms and traditions that affect how individuals of a particular group perceive, think, interact, behave and make judgments about their world
What are the 5 key elements in Cultural Competence
- Valuing diversity.
- Cultural self assessment.
- Being conscious of the dynamics in cross cultural interactions.
- Institutionalising the importance of cross cultural knowledge.
- Adapting service delivery that reflects cultural understanding.
Define: Cultural competence
is more than awareness; it is the integration of culture into service delivery to improve health outcomes.
What are the components of Indigenous cultural competence
- Knowledge and understanding of Indigenous Australian cultures, history and contemporary realities and awareness of Indigenous protocols.
- Critical reflection on individual culture and professional culture to understand the cultural limitations.
- Engage and work collaboratively with the Indigenous community inline with the expectations of the community.
- Influence change within the profession. That is changing structures within the institutions, one size DOES NOT fit all.
List some reasons why Aboriginal families may not access health services
- Structural (availability of services, poor linkages)
- Socioeconomic issues
- Lack of cultural sensitivity/understanding
- Communication issues
- Mistrust
- Transport
What can nurses and midwives do in the healthcare system when working with and consulting with Aboriginal communities
Develop a cultural policy
This can include:
- Consultation and input from Aboriginal staff and other staff.
- Interaction with the local Aboriginal community.
- Assessing the service model.
- What is the Future direction for the service?
- Develop an Acknowledgement of Country template for use by service staff.
What years were the “Stolen Generations”
1909-1969
- Why is it important to ask if your patient/client is an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander?
- Its mandatory in the healthcare system to ask. (Since 1993)
- Australia is multicultural and it’s hard to know someone’s culture by looking at them so it’s important to ask (this provides the person’s health status and what the required and appropriate health services are for that person.
- It’s a way of collecting data about what ASTI people are being diagnosed with and records their access to health services statistics
- What is the role of the Aboriginal Liaison Officer (ALO)?
They provide supportive contact for ASTI people who are receiving care from with non-ASTI healthcare workers.
Is that of a cultural interpreter, and acts as an advocate for them, while facilitating culturally appropriate, safe and sensitive care.
In the Prime Minister’s Report on Close the Gap 2017-
What are the main targets by 2018, 2025 or 2031 and are they on track or not?
2018-
- to halve the gap of child mortality. Is currently not on track this year
- Close the gap of school attendance by the end of 2018. Attendance rate for school has remained stable, however progress will need to be accelerated for this target to be met. Unable to determine if its on track or not.
- Halve the gap in reading and numeracy for indigenous students. Not on track
- Halve the gap in employment. Not on track.
2025-
* to have 95% of all indigenous 4 year olds enrolled in early childhood education. Currently 87% enrolled as of 2015
2031-
* to close the gap in life expectancy. Is not on track based on data since 2006
