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Health in a Culturally Diverse Community > Week 1-4 > Flashcards

Week 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some of the models of health

A

Flow model

Equilibrium model

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2
Q

Describe: Flow model of health

A

Emphasis on flow and balance

  • the body contains pipes and tubes and nothing must block these
  • if there is a blockage toxins can be released into the bloodstream
  • purging is done to prevent blockages (enemas, urine, vomit, poo)
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3
Q

Describe: Equilibrium model of health

A

Emphasis is on maintaining a balance in the body

  • Hot and cold balance
  • Body fluids balance
  • Humoral systems balance
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4
Q

Hot and Cold balance

Who avoid cold food postnatally and why

A

Puerto Rican women because they believe cold food will not allow their discharges to flow freely and may cause clots

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5
Q

In what cultures is a larger body weight and shape considered healthy, attractive, respectful?

A
  • West African countries

- Jamaican

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6
Q

In the context of Health in a CDC

Define: illness

A

Is the individual’s experience of being ill, sometimes when no disease can be found

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7
Q

In the context of Health in a CDC

Define: Sickness

A

Refers to the social response to being unwell (roles negotiated with society)

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8
Q

In the context of Health in a CDC

Define: Disease

A

Focuses on the pathological process of a health problem, deviation from biological norm

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of Healthcare categories in Kleinman’s Tripartite Scheme 1978

A
  1. Professional (e. Biomedicine, GP, Ayurveda, nurse)
  2. Folk (eg. Faith healing, Sharman)
  3. Popular (eg. Mother’s care, friends, partner)
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10
Q

What are the 2 types of healthcare categories in O’Connor’s theory 1995

A
  • Conventional: Dominating systems according to country (eg. Biomedicine-USA, Accupuncture-China
  • Vernacular: mother’s care, relational, faith healers etc
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11
Q

What are the 5 types of healthcare categories in Wardell’s theory (1972)

A
  • Biomedical (drs, nurses)
  • Adjunct (medical technicians)
  • Limited (dentists, podiatrists)
  • Marginals (chiro’s)
  • Quasi medical (quaks)
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12
Q

Define: Culture

A

Is the learned patterns of thought, action, understanding and history through which we engage and interact with the world and other people around us

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13
Q

Define: Ethnicity

A

Focus is on belonging to a social and cultural group based on common regional origins and cultural traditions (Hampton and Toombs 2013)

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14
Q

Define: Diversity

A

Can be in the form of

  • gender
  • culture
  • class
  • race
  • religion
  • sexuality
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15
Q

What are the 4 principles that underpin our multicultural policy

A
  • Responsibility of all
  • Respect for each person
  • Fairness for each person
  • Benefits for all
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16
Q

Define: Cultural Sensitivity

A

Is consciousness and understanding of the morals, standards and principles of a specific culture, society, ethnic group or race

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17
Q

Define: Cultural Competence

A

Is the ability necessary for professional health personnel to provide safe and effective health services to clients with different cultural contexts

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18
Q

What are the 5 elements of Cultural Competence

A
  • Cultural awareness
  • Cultural knowledge
  • Cultural skills
  • Cultural encounter
  • Cultural desire
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19
Q

Explain: the 5 elements of cultural competence

A

Awareness- self examination of ones own culture, values and biases

Knowledge- process of seeking and obtaining a sound educational foundation about diverse cultural/ethnic groups

Skill- is the ability to collect relevant cultural data regarding the clients presenting problem as well as performing a culturally based physical assessment

Encounter- is the process that encourages the healthcare provider to directly engage in cross-cultural interactions

Desire- is the motivation of the healthcare provider to WANT to engage in the process of becoming culturally aware etc

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20
Q

Define: Integration

A

Maintaining own group values and beliefs, as well as those of the larger social context to an extent

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21
Q

Define: Assimilation

A

Non-dominant group does not maintain indenting and seeks daily interaction with other cultures

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22
Q

Define: Separation

A

Maintaining own culture and avoiding interaction with other cultures

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23
Q

Define: marginalisation

A

Contact with own and other cultures is avoided

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24
Q

Explain: assumptions and stereotyping

A

Stereotyping involves making assumptions about the characteristics of an individual, which are based on a standard, simplistic characterisation of their culture

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25
Q

What are the 6 elements for the House of Wellbeing

A
  • Education and learning
  • Employment
  • Housing
  • Sense of self/purpose
  • Hope (floor)
  • Opportunity (roof)
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26
Q

What were the significant historical events affecting aboriginal health

A 
Pre colonisation
European settlement/invasion
Segregation
Assimilation
Integration
Self determination
Self management
Reconciliation/economic rationalisation
a new beginning (sorry)
stolen generation
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27
Q

Significant historical events and Policies affecting Aboriginal health

Explain: Pre-Colonisation

A
  • originally lived in hunter gatherer societies

- lifestyle included physical activity, varied bush diet

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28
Q

Significant historical events and Policies affecting Aboriginal health

Explain: European settlement/invasion

A
  • 1770 J. Cook claims east cost Australia
  • 1788 first fleet lands in Port Jackson
  • Post 1788 With continuing expansion of settlements, Aboriginal Australians were moved off their land and unable to be ‘hunters and gatherers’
29
Q

Significant historical events and Policies affecting Aboriginal health- European settlement

Define: Terra Nullius

A

empty continent

30
Q

Significant historical events and Policies affecting Aboriginal health- European settlement

The concept of land ownership was dependent on…

A

working the land

31
Q

Significant historical events and Policies affecting Aboriginal health- European settlement

Why was Terra nullius adopted in Australia

A

because of a basic lack of understanding of Aboriginal culture

32
Q

Explain: The Mabo judgement in 1982

A

It overturned the declarationof Terra Nullius and survival of Indigenous Australians’ property rights were recognised

33
Q

Significant historical events and Policies affecting Aboriginal health

Explain: Segregation

A

1830- Tasmanian Aborigines were resettled on Flinders Island without success, as many people succumbed to illness and died. Later the community was moved to Cape Barren Island.

1837- Protectionist policies adopted. Such policies meant removal of people from their traditional lands and way of life and placing them on Government lands, reserves or mission settlements, often on poor quality land. The authorities restricted most aspects of their lives eg: movement, employment, income, association with family, hunting and gathering, language, spirituality etc

1909- Aborigines Protection Act was responsible for removal of mixed race children from their families. Here the emphasis was on segregating children of mixed backgrounds from their communities

34
Q

Significant historical events and Policies affecting Aboriginal health- Segregation

What did the Aborigines Protection Act do?

A

is was responsible for the removal of mixed race children from their families

35
Q

Significant historical events and Policies affecting Aboriginal health- Segregation

What was the impact of segregation policies over time

A

Segregation policies were expected to be unnecessary over time as the Aboriginal peoples ‘died out’ and disappeared into the wider Australian society.

Segregationist policies were a failure and caused far-reaching consequences of misery and deprivation for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.

36
Q

Significant historical events and Policies affecting Aboriginal health

Explain: Assimilation

A
  • During this period Indigenous people were expected to become like and live like non-Indigenous Australians

1953- Northern Territory Aboriginal people were made wards of the state. In most states people were denied equal wages and employment conditions.
- Many Aboriginal children, especially children from mixed backgrounds, were institutionalised and trained as domestic servants or rural workers

1960’s- Assimilation policies continued

37
Q

Significant historical events and Policies affecting Aboriginal health- Integration

Explain: 1967 Referendum

A

The 1967 referendum was the first time Indigenous people were counted in the national Census, voted in by a 90% yes vote.

  • This was important because it led to clearer information about the desperate state of Aboriginal health.
38
Q

Significant historical events and Policies affecting Aboriginal health

Explain: Integration

A

1962- Indigenous Australians were recognised as citizens and had voting rights in Federal elections

1971- First Aboriginal Medical Service opened in Redfern, Sydney.
- Aboriginal-focussed health programs and training of Aboriginal Health Workers (AHW) began

39
Q

Significant historical events and Policies affecting Aboriginal health

Explain: Self-determination

A

1970s- Aboriginal-led organisations were formed eg: Aboriginal Land Councils, Aboriginal Legal Services etc

1972- Gough Whitlam’s Labor government gave tied grants for Aboriginal health initiatives to Aboriginal community controlled health services

1972- Aboriginal activists launched the Tent Embassy in Canberra in response to PM McMahon’s refusal to grant Aboriginal land rights

40
Q

Significant historical events and Policies affecting Aboriginal health

Explain: Self Management

A

1989- The National Health Strategy outlined an urgent need to address Aboriginal health inequality based on extensive consultation with Indigenous people

1990- Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC) was formed. This was a national organisation responsible for overseeing health and other essential services for Indigenous peoples.

41
Q

Define: Institutional racism

A

systemic racism which is embedded into the structures of major institutions and organisations such as the legal, education or health systems.

42
Q

Define: Ethnocentrism

A

the tendency to judge other people and groups by the values of one’s own ethnic background, usually accompanied with a belief in the superiority of one’s own culture’ s perspectives.

43
Q

Define: Genocide

A

acts committed with the intent to destroy a national, ethnic, racial or religious group

44
Q

Define: Eugenics

A

theory that said the quality of the human population could be improved by selective breeding for desirable traits

45
Q

Define: Cultural Blindness

A

the phenomenon of disregarding a person’s culture or considering one culture as different from another, this is a barrier to developing knowledge about others’ culture.

46
Q

Significant historical events and Policies affecting Aboriginal health

Explain: Reconciliation/economic rationalism

A

Reconciliation began as a grass roots movement to show solidarity between non-Indigenous and Indigenous people

2000s- During this time, several significant inquiries were held to bring forward issues related to Indigenous health

2004- ATSIC was closed down

2007- Little Children are Sacred Report highlighted growing problems emerging in Aboriginal health and communities, especially in remote areas

2007- Northern Territory Emergency Response – compulsory child health checks (later became voluntary)
- compulsory acquisition of land, income management, suspension of Racial Discrimination Act, Community Development Employment Program (CDEP) abolished

2008- Kevin Rudd’s sorry speech

47
Q

Significant historical events and Policies affecting Aboriginal health

Explain: Stolen Generation

A

are a significant group of people within our society.
- The term also refers to the phenomenon that occurred, when family, kinship and communal ties were destroyed, sometimes forever and over several generations.

48
Q

Define: Health Beliefs

A

generally describes beliefs and practices that are held or maintained by others
- Are also ideas and conceptualisations about health and illness that are derived from prevailing world views

49
Q

Explain: Health beliefs based on biomedicine

A

Belief that illness and disease are caused by abnormalities in the structure and function of the body organs and systems

50
Q

Explain: health beliefs based on personalistic systems

A 
Belief that illness is caused by active intervention of a sensate agent, possibly supernatural force. There are 3 main causes: 
Supernatural forces (eg. ghosts) 
Non-human forces 
Human forces (eg. Witches)
51
Q

Explain: Health beliefs based on naturalistic system

A

Health is seen as the balance of elements in the body. Illness is caused by either excessive heat or cold entering the body causing imbalance

52
Q

What are the barriers to accessing healthcare for migrants with viral hepatitis infection

A
  • Language barriers
  • Cultural factors: stigma, belief around illness, perception of ‘health’
  • Treatment factors: knowledge of treatments, fear, conflicts with cultural treatments, conflicting advice
  • Socioeconomic factors: cost of seeking healthcare/treatment
53
Q

Define: Culture clash

A

points out that two important factors will determine whether or not cultures clash: whether or not people recognise each other as human beings, and whether or not people share, or believe they share, similar values and beliefs.

54
Q

Define: Prejudices

A

These are the positive or negative attitudes people develop around the stereotypes they have about the ‘other

55
Q

Define: Discrimination

A

Discrimination is the acting out of prejudice, the active speaking or acting against those who are different from ‘us’

56
Q

Define: Culture Conflict

A

The process of colonisation began with the ‘discovery’ of Australia by Captain Cook, who claimed the land for the Crown as ‘uninhabited’.

57
Q

Define: Cultural Relativism

A

is, an acceptance that different cultures represent the legitimate adaptation of different peoples to various historical, natural, socio-economic and political environments.

58
Q

What are the 4 keystones of Colonisation/Colonisalism

A
  1. basic ethnocentrism and xenophobia
  2. the ‘scientific’/intellectual climate of the times 
  3. the Protestant ethic and industrialisation
  4. cultural violence
59
Q

Explain: Culture

A

culture represents values, norms and traditions that affect how individuals of a particular group perceive, think, interact, behave and make judgments about their world

60
Q

What are the 5 key elements in Cultural Competence

A
  1. Valuing diversity.
  2. Cultural self assessment.
  3. Being conscious of the dynamics in cross cultural interactions.
  4. Institutionalising the importance of cross cultural knowledge.
  5. Adapting service delivery that reflects cultural understanding.
61
Q

Define: Cultural competence

A

is more than awareness; it is the integration of culture into service delivery to improve health outcomes.

62
Q

What are the components of Indigenous cultural competence

A
  1. Knowledge and understanding of Indigenous Australian cultures, history and contemporary realities and awareness of Indigenous protocols.
  2. Critical reflection on individual culture and professional culture to understand the cultural limitations.
  3. Engage and work collaboratively with the Indigenous community inline with the expectations of the community.
  4. Influence change within the profession. That is changing structures within the institutions, one size DOES NOT fit all.
63
Q

List some reasons why Aboriginal families may not access health services

A
  • Structural (availability of services, poor linkages)
  • Socioeconomic issues
  • Lack of cultural sensitivity/understanding
  • Communication issues
  • Mistrust
  • Transport
64
Q

What can nurses and midwives do in the healthcare system when working with and consulting with Aboriginal communities

A

Develop a cultural policy
This can include:
- Consultation and input from Aboriginal staff and other staff.
- Interaction with the local Aboriginal community.
- Assessing the service model.
- What is the Future direction for the service?
- Develop an Acknowledgement of Country template for use by service staff.

65
Q

What years were the “Stolen Generations”

A

1909-1969

66
Q
  1. Why is it important to ask if your patient/client is an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander?
A
  • Its mandatory in the healthcare system to ask. (Since 1993)
  • Australia is multicultural and it’s hard to know someone’s culture by looking at them so it’s important to ask (this provides the person’s health status and what the required and appropriate health services are for that person.
  • It’s a way of collecting data about what ASTI people are being diagnosed with and records their access to health services statistics
67
Q
  1. What is the role of the Aboriginal Liaison Officer (ALO)?
A

They provide supportive contact for ASTI people who are receiving care from with non-ASTI healthcare workers.

Is that of a cultural interpreter, and acts as an advocate for them, while facilitating culturally appropriate, safe and sensitive care.

68
Q

In the Prime Minister’s Report on Close the Gap 2017-

What are the main targets by 2018, 2025 or 2031 and are they on track or not?

A

2018-

  • to halve the gap of child mortality. Is currently not on track this year
  • Close the gap of school attendance by the end of 2018. Attendance rate for school has remained stable, however progress will need to be accelerated for this target to be met. Unable to determine if its on track or not.
  • Halve the gap in reading and numeracy for indigenous students. Not on track
  • Halve the gap in employment. Not on track.

2025-
* to have 95% of all indigenous 4 year olds enrolled in early childhood education. Currently 87% enrolled as of 2015

2031-
* to close the gap in life expectancy. Is not on track based on data since 2006

Health in a Culturally Diverse Community (2 decks)

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