Week 1-4 Flashcards
What is the brain composed of?
interneurons and neuroglia⇒organized into areas called gray matter and white matter.
The lateral spinothalamic tract conducts:
* touch and pressure information
* pain & temperature information
* somatic motor output
* autonomic motor output.
- pain & temperature information.
The function of the reticular activating system is to:
* maintain consciousness
* activate the visual cortex
* store memories
* control emotions
maintain consciousness
The two vertebral arteries ascend the neck and unite to form the:
* cerebral arterial circle
* posterior cerebral artery
* anterior cerebral artery
* basilar artery
- basilar artery
Function of RER
To modify the proteins that are being synthesized by the ribosomes by packaging them into a vesicle and sending the proteins into the Golgi apparatus before exporting them out of the cell.
During the hyperpolarisation phase of an action potential, the membrane potential shifts from:
* -70 mV to -55 mV
* -70 mV to +30 mV
* -70mV to -90 mV
* +30mV to -70 mV
- -70mV to -90mV
True or false? The ability of an enzyme to catalyse a chemical reaction is dependent upon its three-dimensional structure.
True
Conductivity is NOT a property of _____ tissue
* connective
* nervous
* muscle
Connective tissue
Functions of the Endoplasmic Reticulum
functions:
* synthesis
* storage
* transport
* detoxification
* Use to connect internal structures so they can pass materials around.
* Communicate between organelles and divide cells into compartments.
Phagocytes, cells that clean up debris, contain large numbers of which organelle?
Lysosomes
What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Network of interconnected water-filled tubes that are continuous with the nuclear envelope.
Locations of connective tissue
Bones, tendons, fat and other soft padding tissue
The blood-brain barrier is permeable to lipid-soluble substances.
True or False.
true
True or false? Positive feedback is triggered when a variable moves outside the normal range and stops when it returns to that range.
False
What is flagellum? What is its function?
A flagellum is a single, long tail found on bacteria and sperm. It whips back and forth to move the sperm along.
The cranial nerve that conducts motor output for facial expressions and the corneal reflex is:
* CN VIII
* CN X
* CN XII
* CN VII
- CN VII
What are the brain’s functions?
receives, localizes, and interprets sensory inputGenerates the motor output (somatic & autonomic) that controls the activities of muscles & glands Is responsible for our emotions, behaviors, and personalityPerforms intellectual (cognitive) functions Stores memories
How many lobes are there, externally?
5, frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula
What is the nervous tissue? What is its function?
Nervous tissue is the main component of the brain, spinal cord and nerves and is composed of neurons and supporting cells.
Its function is to communicate and transmits electrical signals to regulate and control body functions.
If cranial nerve XII was damaged the person would have trouble with:
* head movements
* tongue movements
* chewing
* shoulder movements
- Tongue movements
What is inside the Nucleus?
DNA, contains the instructions for cells, in particular protein synthesis.
What do the gyrus (ridge) and sulci (shallow groove) do?
increase the surface area of the cerebrum = more neurons
What is CT: Extracellular matrix (ECM)?
Is a nonliving substance surrounding the cells that is composed of ground substance and protein fibers.
What are the three organelles involved in protein synthesis and handling?
Ribosomes, RER, and Golgi apparatus
If your patient has a wound in the acromial region, where would you find the wound?
* Heel.
* Elbow.
* Hand.
* Shoulder.
- shoulder
What are the three internal regions of the cerebrum?
* Cerebral cortex - the outer region of the gray matter, contains nucleiCerebral white matter - the inner region of the white matter, contains tracts
* Basal nuclei - islands of gray matter deep within the white matter.
Location of the epithelial tissue
Epidermis, Lining of GI tract organs and other hollow organs.
What are cilia? What is its function?
Cilia are motile cellular extensions on the top of cells. They sweep in a wave-like manner to move materials across the surface of them.
For a buffer to reduce the acidity of a solution it will:
* decrease the pH release H+ ionsabsorb H+ ions
* keep the pH outside of the normal range
- absorb H+ ions
The three important functions of triglycerides are:
energy, insulation and protectionsolubility, reactivity and lubricationsupport, movement and transportbuffering, metabolic regulation, defence
energy, insulation, and protection
What are microvilli and its function?
They are minute finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane that project from the cell surface. They increase the surface area of the cell.
The sensory input conducted by CN VII, IX and X goes to the:
* occipital lobe
* insula
* parietal lobe
* frontal lobe
- Insula
Which primary tissue type is the most abundant and supports body organs?
Connective tissue
Function of the right cerebral cortex
receives sensory information from, and controls skeletal muscles on, the LHS of body
How many types of ribosomes are there?
* Free ribosomes: floating in cytosol produce proteins for use inside the cell.
* Membrane-bound ribosomes: attached to the endoplasmic reticulum produce proteins for export.
The white matter of the brain and spinal cord contains:
* ganglia
* tracts
* nuclei
* nerves
- tracts
The corpus callosum, which joins the two cerebral hemispheres, contains:
* projection tracts
* commissural tracts
* association tracts
* nuclei
- commissural tracts
Function of the left cerebral cortex
receives sensory information from, and controls skeletal muscles on, the RHS of body
A major function of the urinary system is to:
* eliminate indigestible foodstuff
* regulate water, electrolyte and pH balance
* secrete hormones
* protect body organs
- regulate water, electrolyte, and pH balance
Which division of the nervous system controls voluntary skeletal muscle movements?
* Somatic.
* Sensory.
* Sympathetic.
* Parasympathetic.
somatic
The pupillary reflex involves the optic and ___________ nerves.
* oculomotor
* abducens
* trochlear
* accessory
1, oculomotor
What is mitochondria (the powerhouse)?
Is a bean-shaped organelle that has an outer membrane that surrounds an inner membrane that has numerous folds and has enzymes on the surface of the inner membrane.
Which organelle makes and stores fats and lipids such as steroid hormones?
SER
The building blocks of proteins are:
amino acidsmonosaccharidesglycerol and fatty acidsnucleic acids
Amino acids
Cytoplasm is:
* all the organelles
* the fluid and dissolved solutes within the cell
* the plasma membrane
* no idea
the fluid and dissolved solutes within the cell
General sensory input includes:
* olfaction, proprioception, touch
* gustation, hearing, pain
* temperature, touch, pain
* vision, pressure, vibration
- temperature, touch, pain
Nervous system communication is characterised as:
slow, short term, narrow target rangeslow, long term, wide target rangerapid, long-term, wide target rangerapid, short term, narrow target range
- rapid, short term, narrow target range
During the repolarisation phase of an action potential:
chemically-gated K+ channels are openmechanically-gated K+ channels are openligand-gated K+ channels are openvoltage-gated K+ channels are open
- voltage-gated K+ channels are open
Damage to CN I could result in a loss of:
* smell
* taste
* balance
* vision
smell
The cranial nerve that conducts sensory input for touch, temperature and pain is:
* CN V
* CN VII
* CN VIII
* CN VI
CN V
The motor neurons which conduct somatic motor output away from the CNS are called:
* lower motor neurons
* preganglionic and postganglionic neurons
* long and short motor neurons
* first and second motor neurons
lower motor neurons
A neurotransmitter receptor is a _____-gated ion channel.
* voltage
* mechanically
* chemically
- chemically
When a variation outside of normal limits triggers an automatic response that corrects the situation, the mechanism is called:
positive feedbackcrisis managementhomeostasisnegative feedback
- Negative feedback
Which organelle packages proteins for transport wither within or outside the cell?
Golgi apparatus
What is the muscle tissue? And what is its function?
Muscle tissue is composed of muscle cells that contain contractile microfilaments. It specialised for contraction to allow movement.
What are lysosomes (the demolition crew)?
Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed spheres (sacs) that contain digestive enzymes called lysosomal enzymes, surrounded by a tough membrane.
In a negative feedback system, the response _____ the effect of the stimulus:
* reduces
* enhances
* may enhance or reduce
* does not alter
reduces
The temporal lobe receives the sensory input conducted by:
* CN II
* CN V
* CN VII
* CN VIII
- CN VIII
What do the nuclei in the cerebral cortex do?
receive, localize and interpret sensory input control voluntary skeletal muscle movements perform intellectual and language functions store memories control our emotions, behaviors and determine personality
What is a cytoskeleton?
A network of rods running through the cytosol that acts as cells bones, muscles, and ligaments
What is connective tissue?
Connective tissue is the connective tissue of the body and most abundant and widely distributes of 4 tissue types.
The primary motor cortex:
* generates somatic motor output
* controls autonomic functions
* receives general sensory input
* is located in the postcentral gyrus
generates somatic motor output
Which organelle packages and transports both lipids and proteins?
Golgi Apparatus
Which organelle is a sac of enzymes involved in the digestion of biological material?
Lysosomes
Which primary tissue type forms glands?
Epithelial Tissue
What is the stimulus for a presynaptic neuron to release neurotransmitters into a synapse?
* depolarising the initial segment to threshold
* hyperpolarisation of the axonCa2+ entry into the axon terminal
* reuptake of the neurotransmitter
- Ca2+ entry into the axon terminal
If you need to place your patient in a prone position, you would need to have them:
* lying face up
* lying on their side
* sitting on a chair with legs uncrossed
* lying on their stomach
- lying on their stomach
Graded potentials:
* are long distance signals
* travel along the axon
* are short distance signals
* stimulate neurotransmitter release
- are short distance signals
What is the white matter composed of?
neuroglia and myelinated axons of interneurons (organised into tracts)
What is composed of the contractile protein actin
Microfilament
ALL CELLS HAVE (?)
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus
What divides the cerebrum into 2 hemispheres? What separates the cerebrum and the cerebellum?
longitudinal fissure; transverse fissure.
What is ribosome?
Site of protein synthesis
What are the characteristics of all connective tissue?
Specialised cells, ground substance, protein fibers
What is considered the Control Center?
The Nucleus (largest organelle).
When an initial stimulus evokes a response that exaggerates the stimulus, the mechanism is called:
autoregulationnegative feedbackpositive feedbackextrinsic regulation
- Positive feedback
From superficial to deep, the layers of the skin are:
* hypodermis, dermis, epidermis
* hypodermis, epidermis, dermis
* epidermis, fibrosis, hypodermis
* epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
- epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
What are the major parts of the brain?
CerebrumCerebellumDiencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, epithalamus)Brain stem (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata)
During the organization phase of tissue repair, fibroblasts:
* engulf foreign material
* build new capillaries
* produce collagen fibres
* regenerate epithelium
- produce collagen fibres
CNV, the ______________ innervates the masseter and temporalis muscles.
* facial nerve
* accessory nerve
* trigeminal nerve
* vagus nerve
- trigeminal nerve
Location of the nervous tissue
Brain, spinal cord, and nerves
What are the 3 types of the cytoskeleton?
Microfilament: thinnest of the cytoskeleton. Made up of a protein called actin that contracts for cell movement.Intermediate filaments: diameter in between the other 2 types and involved in resisting the pulling forces on the cell.Microtubules: largest of the cytoskeleton. Maintain cell shape and distribution of cellular organnelles
The cranial nerves that conduct motor output for eyeball movements are:
* CN I, II and III
* CN III, IV and VI
* CN III, V and VII
* CN VI, VII and VIII
- CN III, IV, and VI
What is Cytoplasm? What is it made of?
watery space between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.-is composed of cytosol, or Intracellular fluid (ICF), and contains cellular organelles, dissolved proteins, and nutrients.
How many types of primary tissues are there?
Epithelium: form boundaries between different environments, protects, secretes, absorbs, filters. Connective tissue: supports, protects, binds, other tissues together.Muscle: Contracts to cause movement.Nervous: Internal communication.
The gag reflex tests the function of:
* CN VIII
* CN IV
* CN XII
* CN IX
- CN IX
The dorsal body cavity contains:
* kidneys and bladder
* brain and spinal cord
* heart and the lungs
* small intestines and colon
- brain and spinal cord
What is the plasma membrane?
Is the thin and flexible boundary between the intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF).It is selectively permeable: a membrane that allows certain substances to pass while restricting the movement of others.It allows for different chemical compositions between ICF and ECF to maintain homeostasis and create optimal working conditions for the cell.
What tissue type consists of cells described as squamous, columnar or cuboidal?
A. Epithelial
B. Connective
C. Muscle
D. Nervous
A. Epithelial
The subarachnoid space separates the:
* dura mater and arachnoid mater
* arachnoid mater and pia mater
* pia mater and nervous tissue
* dura mater and the vertebral column
- arachnoid mater and pia mater
Functions of SER
Involve in the synthesis of lipids, cholesterol, and steroid-based hormones. Involve in detoxification of drugs, chemicals, and pesticides. Is storage of calcium ions.
Match the blood cell type to its function:
platelets – defence against pathogensmonocytes – blood clottingerythrocytes – gas transportneutrophils –electrolyte regulation
- erythrocytes - gas transport
If a cell is immersed in a hypertonic solution, the cell will:
* lyse
* crenate
* swell
* retain its normal shape
- Crenate
The primary motor cortex is located in the precentral gyrus and the primary somatosensory cortex is located in the postcentral gyrus.
True or False.
true
What is the two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
CN XI is the _____________ nerve.
* accessory
* hypoglossal
* vagus
* glossopharyngeal
1, Accessory
Location of the muscle tissue
Skeletal (vouluntary), cardiac (involuntary), smooth (involuntary in blood vessels, gut, bladder, uterus)
What are the 3 types of CT: Protein fibers
Collagen fibers: tough fibers with high tensile strengthElastic fibers: long thin fibers for stretch and recoilReticular fibers: short fibers continuous with collagen fibers
A _____ pH number means a solution is _____ and has a _____ concentration of hydrogen ions.
low; basic; lowerlow; acidic; higherhigh; acidic; lowerhigh; basic; higher
- low; acidic; higher
The sympathetic nervous system:
* stimulate urination
* stimulates salivation
* increases heart rate
* decreases respiration
- Increase heart rate
Functions of the epithelial tissue
Skin - ProotectionDigestive tract - AbsorbtionKidney - Excretion and filtrationRespiratory tract - Secretion and Transport of mucusTongue - Sensory function
Which of the following correctly describes the cytoplasm?
Organelles suspended in ECFThe watery fluid in the cellThe empty space between the nucleus and plasma membraneOrganelles suspended in ICF (cytosol)
Organelles suspended in ICF (cytosol)
The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres by:
* a longitudinal fissure
* a transverse fissure
* shallow grooves called sulci
* elevated ridges called gyri
a longitudinal fissure
What is the epithelial tissue?
Epithilium is a sheet of cells that can cover the body, line internal organs, and form glands.
Anything that is exposed to the external environment is covered by epithelium so forms boundaries between different environments.
What is the site of ATP synthesis?
Mitochondira
Third-order neurons conduct general sensory information:
* into the spinal cord
* to the thalamus
* to the cerebellum
* to the primary somatosensory cortex
- to the primary somatosensory cortex
What are the three main functions of the cerebral cortex?
Motor area - control voluntary skeletal muscle movementssensory areas - receive and localize sensory input and perceive sensationsassociation areas - interpret sensory input, plan and coordinate motor responses, perform intellectual functions, store memories, and determine behavior and personality.
Which of the following correctly matches the cell type to the organelle that would be in large amounts within that cell?
Liver cell: microtubuleSkeletal muscle: LysosomesLipid hormone-producing cell: SERWhite blood cell: mitochondria
Lipid Hormone-producing cell: SER
Which of the following is classified as a mixed cranial nerve?
* CN I
* CN IV
* CN VIII
* CN X
- CN X
Function of lysosomes
* Digests biological material including proteins and cell debris.
* Dispose of invading bacteria, viruses, and toxins.
* Recycle molecules by breaking them down.
What are the motor areas and where are they located?
Motor areas include the primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, central sulcus, frontal eye field, and Broca’s area. They are located frontal lobe.
What are the 4 classes of connective tissue?
CT proper: Loose & DenseCartilageBoneBlood
What is Golgi Apparatus (the traffic director) and its functions?
Are flattened stacked sacs located between the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane. Its function is to modify, concentrate, and package proteins and lipids. It forms vesicles and distributes them in 3 pathways:
- incorporated within the cell, becoming part of a lysosome.
- move and embed within the plasma membrane.
- move to the plasma membrane for the content to be exported out of the cell by exocytosis.
Damage at the cellular or tissue can affect the entire organism, demonstrating that each level of structure
is independent of the othershas its own specific functionis dependent on the othershas no specific function
- is dependent on the others
The gustatory cortex is located in the _____________ of the cerebrum.
* frontal lobe
* parietal lobe
* temporal lobe
* insula
- Insula
Function of mitochondria
Carry out the chemical reactions involve breaking down the nutrients derived from the food we eat and converting them into an energy source known as the adenosine triphosphate (ATP-universal energy source for all cells in the body). This whole process is called cellular respiration.
What is the gray matter composed of?
neuroglia and cell bodies of the interneurons (organised into nuclei)
