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BacT > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

DNA sequence analysis of this structure is widely used in bacterial phylogenic analysis

A

Ribosome

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2
Q

What is the cell wall component unique to bacteria?

A

Peptidoglycan

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3
Q

Bacteria do NOT have…

A

No nucleus
No sterol
No membrane bound organelles (mitoch, & lysosomes)
No histones (proteins present in nucleic acid)
No cytoskeleton

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4
Q

Bacteria have a ________ cell wall

A

Complex

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5
Q

Bacteria reproduce by…

A

Asexual reproduction / Binary fission

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6
Q

Bacterial ribosomes are…

A

Smaller 70s

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7
Q

Bacteria have a single circular chromosome, HOWEVER there are some bacteria w/ linear chromosomes. What’s one example?

A

Borrelia burgdorferi — aka Lyme Disease

*Leptosporidia has more than one chromosome

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8
Q

Gram _______ has very thick peptidoglycan layer.

A

Gram Positive +

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9
Q

___________ contain mycolic acid and contribute to acid fast _______ staining.

A

Mycobacteria & Positive staining

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10
Q

Gram _______ has an outer membrane made up of LPS.

A

Gram Negative -

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11
Q

Gram staining depends on _______________.

A

Peptidoglycan layer

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12
Q

Primary stain:

A

Crystal violet

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13
Q

Mordant:

A

Gram’s Iodine

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14
Q

Decolorizer:

A

Acid Alcohol

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15
Q

Counter Stain:

A

Safranin

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16
Q

What are the phases of bacterial growth?

A

1st- Lag phase
2nd- Log phase
3rd- Stationary phase

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17
Q

Colony counting, Turbidimetry, & Flow cytometry are all way to…

A

Measure bacterial growth

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18
Q

Lipid A is also known as…

A

Endotoxin

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19
Q

Many of the clinical signs caused by GRAM NEGATIVE bacteria are due to…

A

Lipid A / Endotoxin

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20
Q

________ act by binding to receptors on macrophages > macrophages then release cytokines > inflammatory phase

A

Lipid A / Endotoxin

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21
Q

Gram _______ Lipid A/Endotoxin have an accumulating effect

A

Negative

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22
Q

Why do we test for Lipid A/Endotoxin?

A

B/c all pharmaceuticals need to be Endotoxin free — sterilization

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23
Q

What is used for Lipid A/Endotoxin testing?

A

Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) aka Horse Shoe Crabs

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24
Q

All bacteria contain peptidoglycan, EXCEPT…

A

Mycoplasma & Chlamydia

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25
Q

Gram Positive + bacteria contain _______ on their cell walls.

A

Teichoic Acid

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26
Q

Lipid A/Endotoxin is ________.

A

Harmful

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27
Q

Locomotion/Motility of bacteria:

A

Flagella

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28
Q

The number & arrangement of ______ can be used for identification of bacteria.

A

Flagella

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29
Q

Flagella is located ______.

A

Outside cell

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30
Q

Spirochetes have _________.

A

Endoflagella / axial filaments

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31
Q

Endoflagella /Axial Filaments are located in the…

A

Periplasmic space / inside their bodies

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32
Q

Facilitate adherence to host tissue:

A

Pili / Fimbriae

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33
Q

Contribute to antigenicity:

A

Pili / Fimbriae

34
Q

Pili/Fimbriae are…

A

Small thread-like structures

35
Q

Example of bacteria that have Pili/Fimbriae:

A
  • Bordetella Bronchiseptica aka Kennel Cough

- E. coli

36
Q

Fimbriae antigens in E.coli:

A 
K88= Neonatal piglets
K99= Neonatal calves
37
Q

__________ is a polysaccharide outer coating of the bacteria.

A

Capsule

38
Q

Capsules help organisms to evade…

A

Phagocytosis

39
Q

Which bacterial species has a non-polysaccharide capsule?

A

Anthrax

40
Q

Staining for a capsule is a good diagnostic tool to see if it’s

A

Anthrax

41
Q

Bacteria form __________ when there are unfavorable conditions. This is a protective mechanism.

A

Endospores

42
Q

What can we do if we have a animal who is having D+ and we suspect Clostridium ?

A

Take a fecal sample, stain, and look for endoscopes.

43
Q

Bacterial structures can enhance…

A

The virulence of bacteria

44
Q

Presence or absence of these structures facilitates…

A

Identification of bacteria

45
Q

Endoflagella/Axial Filaments are present in ________.

A

Spirochetes

46
Q

_________ is an outer covering which helps bacteria to evade phagocytosis.

A

Capsule

47
Q

__________ helps in bacterial survival.

A

Spores

48
Q

Aerobic, Microaerophilic, Capnophilic:

A

Oxygen required for growth

49
Q

Obligate anaerobe, Aerotolerant anaerobe:

A

Oxygen not required OR utilized for growth

50
Q

Facultative anaerobe:

A

Oxygen not required BUT can be utilized for growth

51
Q

Bacterial metabolism can be see for…

A

Bacterial identification

52
Q

Bacterial Virulence Factors:

A

Properties/traits found in isolates that cause disease. BUT are NOT found in isolates of the same species that lack ability to cause disease

53
Q

Damage caused by bacteria…

A
  • using the hosts nutrients
  • direct damage to host cell (toxins)
  • hypersensitivity reactions (type 4- delayed : Tuberculosis)
54
Q

Pathogenicity:

A

The ability of a pathogen to produce a disease by overcoming the defense mechanisms of the host

55
Q

Virulence:

A

The degree of pathogenicity

56
Q

_______ is released out of the cell, produced in the cell

A

Exotoxin

57
Q

_______ is a component of cell wall, liberated when bacteria die & cell wall breaks apart

A

Endotoxin

58
Q

What are the 3 types of Exotoxins?

A
  • A-B toxins
  • Membrane disrupting toxins
  • Superantigens
59
Q

Tetanus is an example of what kind of toxin?

A

A-B exotoxin

60
Q

Most exotoxins are…

A

A-B toxins

61
Q

A of A-B toxins are the ______ _______.

A

Active enzyme

62
Q

B of A-B toxins are the _______ _______.

A

Binding component

63
Q

This exotoxins subunit kills the cell…

A

A subunit

64
Q

Example of a superantigen:

A

Toxic Shock Syndrome from staph

65
Q

Cause non-specific activation of T-cells…

A

Superantigens

66
Q

Result in polyclonal T cell activation & massive cytokine release…

A

Superantigens

67
Q

Indiscriminate binding to MHC class II molecule on the antigen presenting cell & T helper cell receptor

A

Superantigen

68
Q

________ smaller circular DNA present in bacteria.

A

Plasmids

69
Q

________ virus particles which attack.

A

Bacteriophages

70
Q

The process by which the bacteria can transfer virulence factors between them:

A

Conjugation, Transformation, & Transduction

71
Q

Conjugation:

A

Where a plasmid/ genetic material can be transferred from one bacteria to another bacteria by direct contact

72
Q

Transformation:

A

Alteration of cell from direct uptake & incorporation of exogenous genetic material from surroundings > taken up through cell membrane

73
Q

Transduction:

A

DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus

74
Q

Biofilm & Quorum Sensing are…

A

Newer virulence factors

75
Q

Plasmids & Bacteriophages can be used to mediate…

A

Transfer of virulence factors

76
Q

Opportunistic Pathogens:

A

Organisms that do not cause disease in healthy host, with a healthy immune system

77
Q

True Pathogens:

A

Equipped w/ virulence genes for adherence, invasion, evasion from immune system & toxins (anthrax)

78
Q

Nosocomial Infections:

A

Hospital acquired infections (methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus or Clostridium difficult)

79
Q

Generally bacteria are ______________ pathogens

A

Extracellular

80
Q

Rickettsia & Chlamydia are examples of…

A

Obligate intracellular pathogen

81
Q

Mycobacterium is an example of…

A

Facultative intracellular pathogen (can survive extracellular or intracellular)

BacT (2 decks)

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