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3- CVS > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

When is ivabradine used and why?

A

Chronic HF and Angina

Blocks HCN channels decreasing slope of pacemaker potential thus speeding up the slow heart

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2
Q

What do drugs that block the funny current (If) do and give an example?

A

Decrease HR and reduce oxygen demand eg ivabradine

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3
Q

What do hormones increasing cAMP do and how?

A

Increase HR by increasing calcium influx & release and shorten contractile cycle by increasing calcium uptake

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4
Q

What is CICR and what is the outcome?

A

Calcium induced calcium release were extracellular calcium entering the cell stimulates release of calcium from the intracellular store. This increases calcium concentration leading to cell contraction.

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5
Q

What are the voltage gated calcium channels phosphorylated by?

A

Protein kinase A

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6
Q

How does Digoxin work?

A

Block Na/K ATPase increasing Na in the cell therefor decreasing Na/Ca exchange meaning more Ca stored in the sarcoplamic reticullum thus an increase in contractability

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7
Q

When is digoxin used?

A

Heart failure

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8
Q

What is digoxin?

A

Cardiac glycoside or inotropic drug

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9
Q

What does digoxin do?

A

Increase contractability of the heart

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10
Q

What kind of membrane potential do pacemaker cells have?

A

spontaneous pacemaker potential and not resting membrane potential

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11
Q

Where are limb leads on an ECG?

A

Lead 1: RA- LA
Lead 2: RA- LL
Lead 3: LA- LL

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12
Q

What does an ECG do?

A

Measures electrical activity of the heart

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13
Q

What division of the ANS is the vagus nerve?

A

Parasypathetic

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14
Q

What do sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation do to HR?

A

Sympathetic increases and parasympathetic decreases

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15
Q

What determines the diastolic length of myocardial fibres?

A

End of diastolic pressure (volume of blood at end of diastole)

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16
Q

What do inotropic drugs do?

A

Increases contractability of the heart

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17
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

events of the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next

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18
Q

How long is diastole approx?

A

0.5sec

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19
Q

How long is systole approx?

A

0.3sec

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20
Q

Where is the most change of pressure seen?

A

In the LV

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21
Q

Where is the highest pressure seen consistently?

A

Aorta

22
Q

What are the 5 key events in the cardiac cycle?

A

Passive filling, atrial contraction, isovolumetric ventricular contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

23
Q

During passive filling what is the pressure like in the atria and ventricles and what does this allow?

A

close to 0, av valves are open so ventricles fill

24
Q

How full do the ventricles become by passive filling?

A

80%

25
Q

What represents atrial depolarization on an ECG?

A

P wave

26
Q

What does the PR interval represent?

A

atrial contraction

27
Q

What does atrial contraction complete?

A

The end diastolic volume (130ml in normal resting adult)

28
Q

When does ventricular contraction start?

A

After QRS complex

29
Q

What is the QRS complex?

A

ventricular depolarisation

30
Q

When do the AV valves shut?

A

When ventricular pressure exceeds atrial

31
Q

What is the first heart sound?

A

Lub- AV valves shutting

32
Q

What is it meant by isovolumetric contraction and what happens?

A

rising tension in a closed volume as both valves are shut, ventricular pressure increases rapidly

33
Q

When do the aortic and pulmonary valves open?

A

When the ventricular pressure exceed the aortic/ pulmonary

34
Q

What is left after the SV is ejected?

A

End systolic volume

35
Q

What is the equations for SV?

A

EDV- ESV

36
Q

What happens to the aortic pressure during ventricular ejection?

A

It rises

37
Q

What is the T wave?

A

ventricular repolarisation

38
Q

What happens in ventricular ejection?

A

Ventricular repolarisation, ventricles relax

39
Q

What produces the 2nd heart sound?

A

aortic and pulmonary valves shutting

40
Q

what is the dicrotic notch in the aortic pressure curve?

A

aortic valve vibration

41
Q

What is iosvolumetric relaxation?

A

both valves to ventricles are shut and the tension falls

42
Q

What does S1 indicate?

A

First heart sound, beginning of systole

43
Q

What does s2 indicate?

A

Beginning of diastole

44
Q

What are the 4 areas of cardiac auscultation?

A

Aortic, pulmonary, tricuspidd, mitral

45
Q

What is the JVP a measure of?

A

central venous pressure

46
Q

What will any substance increasing the permeability of smooth muscle cell membrane to calcium cause?

A

Contraction

47
Q

What do nitrates do?

A

relax all types of smooth muscle

48
Q

What is GTN?

A

Glyceryltrinitrate, short acting (30mins), undergoes first pass metabolism

49
Q

When is GTN used?

A

Upon exertion in stable angina or IV with aspirins in unstable angina

50
Q

SE of nitrates;

A

tolerance, headaches

51
Q

What is isosorbide mononitrate?

A

longer acting, resistant to first pass metabolism

3- CVS (5 decks)

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