Week 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is a drug?
different types of drugs
A
- A substance that act on living systems at the molecular, cellular or whole body level that can provoke changes in body function or mood
- Generally considered to the be active ingredient of a medicine
- Key point is that drugs have specificity
o A non-specific drug would be useless! - Plant derived:
o Morphine, cannabis, aspirin - Animal derived (pigs, cows):
o Insulin, pancreatic enzymes - Synthetic compounds are preferred though due to:
o Better control of product variability
o Cheaper to make (automation)
o Manipulate parent compounds to make them more effective
2
Q
What is pharmacology?
A
- The study of the interaction of chemicals (drugs) with living systems
3
Q
What is clinical pharmacology
A
- The scientific study of drug effects in humans
4
Q
What is pharmacy
A
- The profession of preparation and supply of medicines
- Usually the main point of contact regarding drug information
5
Q
What are therapeutics
A
- The branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of disease
6
Q
What is toxicology?
A
- The study of the undesirable effects of chemical agents (poisons) on living systems
- Also includes the actions of industrial pollutants, natural organic and inorganic poisons and other chemicals on the ecosystems and species
7
Q
What is a drug receptor?
A
- The molecular components of the body with which a drug interacts to bring about its effects
- Receptors are generally proteins located on cell outer membranes
- They are targets for drug molecules in the body, each receptor is specific for a particular drug
8
Q
What is pharmodynamics?
A
- The fundamental actions of a drug on the body at a physiological, biochemical or molecular level
- Includes receptor interactions, dose-response phenomena, and mechanisms of therapeutic and toxic action
o Essentially how drugs work!
9
Q
Pharmokinetics
A
- The actions of the body on a drug
- Includes: ADME
o Absorption
o Distribution
o Metabolism
o Excretion
10
Q
Pharmacogenetics
A
- The study of the relationship between genetic factors and variations in drug response
11
Q
Nature of the Drugs At room temp drugs may be? give ex Size and molecular weight? Selectivity pf a drug depends on? Drug receptor bonds?
A
- At room temp drugs may be: o Solid – asprin, nicotine o Liquid – ethanol, atropine o Gaseous – nitrous oxide - Size and molecular weight o Can range 7 (lithium) to 50,000 (thrombolytic enzymes-alteplase) o Majority of drugs between 100 and 1000 - Selectivity of a drug depends on: o The chemical nature of the drug o The dose given and the route by which it is administered o Special features of the recipient • Genetic makeup • Sex • Age • Co-existing disease - Drug-receptor bonds: o Drugs bind to receptors with a variety of chemical bonds • Very strong covalent (irreversible) • Weaker electrostatic (between cation and anion) • Very weak interactions (hydrogen, van der Waals + hydrophobic)
12
Q
Effects produced by drugs and body
Psychosocial influences of medication include?
A
- Chemical interaction between the drug and body
- Psycho-social influences of the medication including:
o Placebo: form of medication that doesn’t contain any drug
o Mood: act of taking a pill and feeling better
o Expectation: yours and your GPs
o Imagination: advertising, friends, recommendation
13
Q
If a drug ends in_____ what is its classification and prototype for class?
- -olol
- -caine
- -dipine
- -tidine
- -prazole
- -quine
- -ane
- -zosin
- -profen
- -clovir
- -mycin
- -cycline
- -zepam
A
- olol- beta blocker eg propranolol
- caine- local anaesthetic e.g. cocaine, procaine
- dipine- DHP Ca Channel blocker eg Nifedipine
- tidine- H2 receptor antagonist eg Cimetidine
- Prazole- protone pump inhibitor eg Omeprazole
- quine- Antimalarials eg Chloroquine
- Ane- halogenated anaesthetics e.g. Halothane
- zosin- alpha adrenergic blockers eg prazosin
- profen - NSAIDS eg Ibuprofen
- Clovir- ANtivirals eg Acyclovir
- Mycin- Macrolide antibiotics eg Erythromycin
- Cycline- broad spectrum antibiotics e.g. tetracycline
- Zepam- BDZ sedatives eg Diazepam
14
Q
What is all the info needed to compile a drug profile?
A
- Pharamacology:
o The molecular action of the drug including its pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics (ADME) - Clinical trials:
o These aim to measure the therapeutic effectiveness of the drug - Indications:
o A particular illness or disease state that the drug has been shown to have a therapeutic effect - Contra-indications:
o A specific illness or disease state in which a drug should NOT be used, because it is harmful to the patient - Precautions:
o A disease state in which a drug should be used with care because it MAY be harmful to the patient - Interactions:
o A list of other drugs which may interact with the drug of choice, interfering with its pharmacodynamics or pharmacokinetic properties - Adverse reactions:
o Any side effects caused specifically by administration of a drug - Dosage and administraton:
o The amount and frequency of a drug taken per day and normal routes of administration - Overdose:
o Information on overdosage amounts, symptoms and treatment - Pack and storage:
o Information on proprietary pack sizes and storage conditions
15
Q
What are the different types of drugs with respect to the sympathetic (adrenergic) NS?
A
- Drugs can be biological in origin → Noradrenaline + adrenaline
- Non-biological in origin → Clenbutarol (beta agonist) –mimic the effect of adrenalin etc and induces smooth muscles relaxation
- Drugs which block biological processes→ propanol (beta blocker), atenolol (beta-adrenergic blocking agents, are medications that reduce your blood pressure. Beta blockers work by blocking the effects of the hormone epinephrine, also known as adrenaline. When you take beta blockers, the heart beats more slowly and with less force)
- Drugs which enhance biological processes→ Salbutamol (bata agonist)- activates beta-receptor- combats asthma, opens airways.
