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WEEK 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Life Defies Simple Definition

Key points:

  • Difficult
  • 7 Characteristics
A
  • Life is Difficult to define thus, it is broken down into 7 characteristics:
Cellular Organisation
Ordered Complexity
Sensitivity
Growth, Development and reproduction
Energy Utilization
Evolutionary Adaptation
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1
Q

What is Biology?

Key Points:

  • Point of Convergence
  • Biological Organisation
A
  • The point of convergence for the information and tools from all the natural science
  • Every level of the Biological Organization is governed by the energy transactions from what we learn of “Thermodynamics”
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2
Q

3 things to consider for “Cellular Organisation”

A
  1. All organisms consist of one or more cells
  2. Cells carry out the basic activities of living
  3. Each cell is bounded by a cell membrane which separates itself from it’s surroundings
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3
Q

2 things to consider for “Ordered Complexity”

A
  1. All living things are both complex and highly ordered

2. Non Living things can also be complex but it does not exhibit to the degree of complexity

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4
Q

2 things to consider for “Sensitivity”

A
  1. All organisms respond to stimuli

2. All plants grow towards a source of light

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5
Q

2 things to consider for “Growth, Development and Reproduction”

A
  1. All organisms are capable of :
    - Reproduction
    - Development
    - Growth
  2. They possess “Hereditary” molecules which are passed down to their offspring to ensure that their offspring are off the same species
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6
Q

1 point to consider for “Energy Utilization”

A

All organisms take in energy and use it to perform many kinds of work

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7
Q

1 point to consider for “Homeostasis”

A
  1. All organisms maintain CONSTANT internal conditions that are different from their environment.
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8
Q

1 point to consider for “Evolutionary Adaptation”

A
  1. All organisms interact with:
    - Other organisms
    - non living things
    which results to their survival, thus organisms evolve adaptations to their environments
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9
Q

Living Systems show Hierarchical Organisation

- List the 5 Levels

A
  • Molecular Level
  • Cellular Level
  • Organismal Level
  • Population Level
  • Ecosystem Level
  • Biosphere
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10
Q

What is the “Cellular Level”?

4 Key points to consider:

  • Atoms
  • Complex Biological Molecules
  • Independent Organisms
  • Multicellular
A
  1. At this level, the “ATOMS” [Fundamental element of matter]
    is joined together in clusters called “MOLECULES”
  2. Complex Biological molecules are assembles into tiny structures called “ORGANELLES” within membrane units we call “CELLS”
  3. Many “INDEPENDENT” organisms are composed of only single cells

4.

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11
Q

What is the “Organismal Level”?

4 points to consider:

  • Complex Multicellular Organisms
  • Tissue
  • Organ
  • Organ Systems
A
  1. Cells in complex multicellular organisms exhibit THREE levels
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12
Q

What is the “Population Level”?

Points to consider:

  • Similar
  • Different
A
  1. Population: Similar
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13
Q

What is the “Ecosystem Level”?

Points to Consider:

  • Biological Community
  • Physical Habitat
A

Biological Community and Physical Habitat constitute an ecological system

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14
Q

What is the “Biosphere Level”?

A

The whole earth

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15
Q

What are the two types of Reasoning? and explain them briefly

A
  1. Inductive Reasoning
    - SPECIFIC observations to construct general principals
  2. Deductive Reasoning
    - GENERAL principals to predict specific results
16
Q

What is the Scientific Method?

A
  1. Observations
  2. Hypotheses
  3. Experiments
  4. Theory
17
Q

What is a “Hypothesis”?

4 points to consider:

  • POSSIBLE
  • DETERMINE
  • PREDICTIONS
  • ITERATIVE
A
  • POSSIBLE explanation for observation
  • Tested to DETERMINE validity
  • Allows for PREDICTIONS to be made
  • ITERATIVE process
18
Q

What is Experiments?

[3] points to consider

A
  • TEST hypothesis
  • TEST and CONTROL treatment
  • TESTED one variable at a time
19
Q

What is Predictions?

[2] points to consider

A
  • Hypotheses should allow for predictions

- Provide way to test validity for hypothesis

20
Q

What is Reductionism?

[2] points to consider

A
  • General approach of Chemistry

- Concentrating on Individual pathways and specific enzymes

21
Q

What’s the Reductionism Limits?

A
  • Parts may act differently when isolated from the larger systems
22
Q

Biologists construct models in many different ways for a variety of ways. Briefly explain the difference between “GENETICISTS”, “CELL BIOLOGISTS” and “STRUCTURAL BIOLOGIST” on how they use models

key points to consider:

  • Interacting networks
  • Signal transduction pathways/events
  • Actual models
A

Geneticists: Interacting networks of proteins that control gene expression

Cell Biologists: Build models of signal transduction pathways and events leading from an external signals to internal events

Structural Biologist: Build ACTUAL models of the structure of proteins and macromolecular complexes in cells

23
Q

Nature of Scientific Theories. Scientist use THEORY in both ways; explain it.

A
  1. Proposed explanation for some natural phenomenon

2. Body of Concepts that explains facts in an area of study

24
Q

Research can be either? [2]

Explain both

A

Applied: EXTENDS boundaries of what we know

Basic: SEEKS to use scientific findings in practical areas such as agriculture, medicine, etc.

25
Q

Darwin’s contribution was a concept he called?

A

Natural Selection

26
Q

What is the difference between “NATURAL” and “ARTIFICIAL” selection?

A

Natural Selection : ?

Artificial Selection : ?

27
Q

What did Charles Darwin observe?

Key points to consider:
[] H.M.S Beagle

A
  • He observed patterns of diversity when he was on his voyage at the Galapagos Islands where he encountered various “Finches” [Birds] mainly its beak
28
Q

List the 5 Predictions where Natural Selection has been tested:

A
  1. The Fossil Record
  2. The age of the earth
  3. The Mechanism of Hereditary
  4. Comparative Anatomy
  5. Molecular Evidence
29
Q

What did Darwin predict in “The Fossil Record”?

A
  • Darwin predicted that the fossil records would yield immediately links between the great organisms
30
Q

What did Darwin predict for “The age of the Earth”?

A
  • He predicted the world is old
31
Q

What did Darwin predict in “The Mechanisms of Hereditary”?

32
Q

What is “Comparative Anatomy”?

A
  • Comparative studies provide strong evidence for Darwin’s Theory
33
Q

What is the difference between “HOMOLOGOUS” and “ANALOGOUS” structures?

A

Homologous structures have different vertebrates but comes from the same evolutionary origin.

Analogous structures have similar function but different evolutionary origin

34
Q

List the 7 “Unifying Themes of Biology”?

A
  1. Cell theory
  2. Molecular Basis
    3.

BIODIVERSITY (4 decks)

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