Week 1-2

Question 1

Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory of ego development

Answer 1

Development is:

• Lifelong
• Multidimensional (biological, personal, social)
• Driven by crises ( opposite expirience that wouldn’t work without the other)

Question 2

Stages of Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory of ego development

Answer 2

• Infancy: hope and mistrust (hope)
• Toddlerhood: Autonomy and shame (will)
• Early childhood; Initiative and Guilt (Purpose)
• Mid/late childhood: Industry and inferiority (Competent
• Adolescence: Idendity and confusion (Fidelity)
• Young Adulthood: Intimacy and isolation (Love)
• Middle Adulthood: Generative and stagnation (Care)
• Late Adulthood: Integrity and Despair (wisdom)

Question 3

Marcia idea on idendity

Answer 3

• Rather than one dimensional, she propose that it is two dimensional
• Identity achievement (Commitment and flexible)
• Identity moratorium (Flex
• Identity foreclosure (Commitment )
• Identity diffusion

Question 4

Correlates of Identity statuses:

Answer 4

-Identity achievement
Positive self-esteem
Critical thinking
Advanced moral reasoning
Good relationships 
-Identity moratorium
Anxious
Difficulties with life direction
-Identity foreclosure
See different opinions as threat
Shallow relationships
Inflexibility /  rigidity
Intolerance
-Identity diffusion
Apathy
Depression 
Hopelessness
Risky behaviour
Go along with the crowd

Question 5

How does identity relate to friendship quality?

Jones exp

Answer 5

702 young people Aged 18-23 67% female College students Majority White/Anglo
Perceived friendship quality 8 items, rated 1 to 5
How much do you agree that:
[Support] It is easy for us to talk
[Conflict] They ask for more favours than they return
Identity Status (EOMEIS) 64 items (8 per scale), rated 1 to 6 Creates 4 scores: (4 different scale)
Achievement, Moratorium, Diffusion, Foreclosure

Question 6

How does identity relate to friendship quality?

Result

Answer 6

Friendship Conflict positive with Identity Moratorium and Disfusion
Friendship Support negative with difussion
and female are higher with duffusion

Question 7

How does identity relate to intimacy?

Beyers

Answer 7

Intimacy with a partner 
Adolescence: 
3 items, rated 1 to 5
Young adulthood:  nSemi-structured interview9 criteria scored 1 to 5Total intimacy = average score 
Identity Status Achievement
Semi-structured interview to assess Exploration & Commitment
Creates 1 variable:
0 = Not achieved 1 = Achieved
Longitudinal study
93 young people 56% female  W1: 15yo, W2: 24yo, W3: 25yo 
Majority middle class German
-all corelate with each other

Question 8

Identity precedes intimacy & other psychosocial crises:

Answer 8

Rochester Adult Longitudinal Study
1,224 people
5 waves of data (aged 20, 31, 43, 56, 68)
T1 Identity(age ≈ 20) can predict T2 Intimacy(age ≈ 31
both T1 and 2 can predict T3 Generativity

Question 9

Identity & Life Domains

Answer 9

First three : gender, ideology and occupational but later expanded into many more :Career
Family, Cultural, Ethnicity, Family,Religion, Socialm, Friendships, social, sexual, politic, dating

Question 10

Identity styles

Answer 10

The characteristic orientations that inform decision-making as part of the process of identity formation.

Question 11

Three identity styles:

Answer 11

Informational
Seeking information from various sources
Normative
Deferring to authority & trends
Avoidance/diffusion

Question 12

Theory of Mind (ToM)

Answer 12

he attribution of mental states* to oneself and to other people.
Understanding how people’s mental states influence behaviour.

Question 13

oM Experiences include

Answer 13

Communication
Joint attention 
Gesture
Pretend play 
Deception
Role taking 
Moral reasoning
Empathy
Cooperative play

Question 14

ToM develops alongside…

Answer 14

Biological development: maturation of the brain
Cognitive development: Integration of various cognitive skills
Social development: shaped due to social expiriment

Question 15

ToM Changes over time

Answer 15

Early infancy Interest in others
• 3 months Joint attention (rudimentary)
• 8 months Intention (desire to act a certain way)
• 9 months Gesture (communication, pointing)
•12 months Understanding others’ desires
•18 months Joint attention (refined); imitation; sensitivity to others’ intentions;
•24 months pretend play
4 years Understanding of false beliefs
• 5 years Preliminary interpretative ToM 2
• 6 years Second order ToM
• 9 years Advanced interpretative ToM 2,4 mPreliminary understanding of m sarcasm, irony

Question 16

Children’s false belief understanding

Answer 16

Most 3 year olds show no evidence of false belief understanding
Most 5 year olds show evidence of false belief understanding
What happens in these 2 years?
What factors are associated with ToM development?
• Biological development (age)?
• Social development?

Question 17

Social development of ToM

Answer 17

Increasingly complex interactions with others, ,and understanding of others,
increases complexity of ToM:
Cultural influences: Contexts provide scope for predicting likely mental states
Family relationships: Diversity of relationships provide models for diversity of mental states
Sibling constellations: Opportunities to witness separate mental states (role models, conflict, play)

Question 18

False belief tasks:

Answer 18

Tasks that test a child’s 
understanding that other 
people will act according to 
their own beliefs, even when 
the child knows those beliefs 
are incorrect.
•Sally and Anne Task 1 
•Smarties task / M&M task 2