week 1

Question 1

cardiac cycle

Answer 1

1. atrial systole
2. isovolumetric ventricular contraction (volume of ventricles is constant - pressure builds so valves have to open)
3. ejection (systole - blood delivered to body & to lungs)
4. isovolumetric ventricular relaxation (all valves are closed - right before blood comes back to atria)
5. passive ventricular filling

Question 2

which left coronary artery delivers blood to portions of the left and right ventricles and much of the interventricular septum?

Answer 2

left anterior descending (LAD) artery

Question 3

which left coronary artery supplies blood to the left atrium and the lateral wall of the left ventricle?

Answer 3

the circumflex artery

Question 4

3 electrolytes involved in action potentials?

Answer 4

sodium
potassium
calcium

Question 5

heart rate (hr) x stroke volume (liters per heart beat) = ?

Answer 5

cardiac output

Question 6

what is cardiac output?

Answer 6

is the volume of blood flowing through either the systemic or pulmonary circuit and is expressed in liters per minute.
normal = 5L/min

Question 7

the four factors that affect cardiac output directly?

Answer 7

preload
afterload
myocardial contractility
heart rate

Question 8

what is preload?

Answer 8

the end diastolic ventricular volume / the amount of blood in the ventricles immediately before systole

frank starling law of the heart = more blood/heart rate, more cardiac output

Question 9

what is contractility?

Answer 9

force of myocyte contraction aka inotropy.

force of contraction increases, stroke volume increases

Question 10

what is afterload?

Answer 10

the amount of systemic resistance the ventricles must overcome to eject blood into the vasculature

proportional to systemic blood pressures

inversely related to stroke volume (more afterload, less cardiac output)

Question 11

what is ejection fraction?

Answer 11

when the ventricles don’t eject all of the blood they contain with each heartbeat, the amount that is ejected is called ejection fraction

Question 12

what is a normal ejection fraction of resting heart rate?

Answer 12

55% or higher

Question 13

what is ejection fraction a valuable clinical indicator of? **

Answer 13

ventricular function

Question 14

what increases blood viscosity?

Answer 14

the amount of RBCs in the blood

Question 15

what is hematocrit?

Answer 15

the ratio of volume of RBCs to the volume of whole blood

Question 16

elevated hematocrit levels =

Answer 16

increased risk of stroke

increased cardiac work as result of increased vascular resistance

Question 17

endothelial injury are central processes in many of the most common and serious cardiovascular disorders including __ and __

Answer 17

hypertension and atherosclerosis

Question 18

___ is the opposition to blood flow

Answer 18

resistance

Question 19

blood flow is ____ related to resistance

Answer 19

inversely

the greater the resistance, the lower the blood flow

Question 20

vasoconstriction will contribute to an ____ in resistance

Answer 20

increase

Question 21

vasodilation will contribute to a ____ in resistance

Answer 21

decrease
which may be reflected by a decrease in blood pressure

Question 22

____ has the most increase in resistance

Answer 22

arterioles

and they cause the largest decrease in blood pressure

the constriction of arterioles increases resistance - causes decrease in blood flow downstream capillaries and a larger decrease in blood pressure

Question 23

flow varies ___ with viscosity

Answer 23

inversely

Question 24

blood flow through the vessels except where vessels split/branch, is ___
they move “straight ahead”

Answer 24

laminar flow

Question 25

where flow is obstructed, where vessel turns or blood flows over rough surfaces and produces noise (murmur)

Answer 25

turbulent flow

Question 26

resistance ____ with turbulence

Answer 26

increases

arterial areas of turbulence also are places where atherosclerotic plaques are found

aka shear stress against vessel wall

Question 27

the increase in volume a vessel is able to accommodate for a given increase in pressure is ___

Answer 27

vascular compliance

depends on ratio of elastic to muscle fibers in vessel wall

Question 28

true or false:

elastic arteries are more compliant than muscular arteries?

Answer 28

true

Question 29

true or false:

veins are less compliant than either type of artery?

Answer 29

false

veins have less smooth muscle and are more compliant than either type of artery

because veins are more compliant, they serve as storage areas for the circulatory system

Question 30

what determines a vessel’s response to pressure?

Answer 30

compliance

Question 31

what is the opposite of compliance?

Answer 31

stiffness

aging and arteriosclerosis can increase vascular stiffness

Question 32

blood supply to capillary beds is also called

Answer 32

tissue perfusion

changes in position, activity, circulation, arterial pressure is regulated within a narrow range to maintain tissue perfusion

Question 33

arterial pressure is a fx of and varies directly with both __ and __

Answer 33

cardiac output and peripheral resistance

increases in one or both will raise arterial pressure, decreases in one or both will lower the arterial pressure

Question 34

what device is able to determine the presence of myocardial ischemia and infarction or conduction defects and dysrhythmias?

Answer 34

ECG

gives info about heart rate and rhythm

Question 35

what does a stress test show?

Answer 35

s/sxs of heart disease and coronary artery dz that may not appear at rest

Question 36

which device can show info about calcification of coronary vessels and cardiac valves?

Answer 36

high res CT

Question 37

which device can show anatomy and phys of the great blood vessels and myocardium can be depicted in 3D with excellent res?

Answer 37

MRI

ventricular fx can be seen on mri