Week 1

Question 1

How is Development measured?

Answer 1

Development (& underdevelopment) is measured by economic and governance indicators.

Question 2

Economic Indicators for underdevelopment?

Answer 2

countries that have not achieved economic development & industrialization are classified as developing/underdeveloped.

Question 3

Governance Indicators for underdevelopment?

Answer 3

non-democracies or fragile democracies are classified as developing/underdeveloped.

Question 4

What are the main roles/purposes of a state? (3)

Answer 4

1) Solving collective action problems
2) Protecting domestic populations from foreign attack
3) Protecting citizens from each other

Question 5

What is a Collective Action Problem?

Answer 5

a situation in which everyone would be better off cooperating, but fail to do so because of conflicting selfish interests
Ex: climate change

Question 6

What is the Treaty of Westphalia?

Answer 6

• Ended the 30 Years War in central Europe, 1648
• enshrined / marks beginning of sovereignty, recognition of borders, and separation of church & state

Question 7

Charles Tilly on European State Formation (& its aftermath) (3)

Answer 7

1) “War made the state & the state made war”
2) Interstate War Mechanisms
3) Results of state formation process

Question 8

“War made the state & the state made war” cont’d

Answer 8

The ongoing process of frequent wars between states (interstate) at the very beginning of formation has resulted in the states we see now: (4 formative mechanisms)

1) Raising an army (centralization of political power)
2) Collecting taxes
3) Building infrastructure
4) The ‘rally around the flag’ effect (built up nationalism)

Question 9

Charles Tilly: “War made the state”

Answer 9

The ongoing process of frequent wars between states at the very beginning of formation has resulted in the states we see now

Question 10

Charles Tilly: “The state made war”

Answer 10

States decide to go to war with one another

Question 11

What’s the difference between an Interstate War & a Civil War?

Answer 11

Interstate Wars occur between states while Civil Wars occur **within* states

Question 12

What are the Impacts of Wars Within States? (civil wars)

Answer 12

• more civil wars than interstate wars
• weaken/divide states
• colonial legacies prevail
• drawing borders

Question 13

What effect do Interstate Wars have on the population of a country?

Answer 13

may generate a sense of nationalism (strengthens states)

Question 14

What effect do Civil Wars have on the population of a country?

Answer 14

create divisions within a state (weakens state)

Question 15

What kind of wars have there been more of since 1945?

Answer 15

More civil wars than interstate wars

Question 16

Civil wars are often the result of ______?

Answer 16

Colonial legacies, drawing borders

Question 17

What was the Berlin Conference? 1884/5

Answer 17

pivotal moment in border drawing, Eu & US delegates met to ‘carve up’ Africa (‘Scramble for Africa’/ partitioning/ mapping)

Question 18

What were the drivers of European colonialization? (2)

Answer 18

1) Greed for Resources
* Land: agri plantations, mines
* Labour: cheap & available (slavery)
2) Beliefs of White Racial Superiority

Question 19

What two roles did the colonial state have? (2)

Answer 19

1) Maintain Control over Territory: with enough military, governing by force
2) Extracting Resources: maximizing resource wealth, to become profitable & self-sufficient

Question 20

What were the results of the Berlin Conference? (‘Scramble for Africa’)

Answer 20

• the strategy was ‘Divide & Conquer’
• borders were drawn arbitrarily, split up pre-existing political/ethnic/religious groups (not viable), creating conflict between them
• this made it easier for the colonial powers to rule; if they were fighting each other, they weren’t fighting the colonial power

Question 21

What does it mean by ‘Path Dependency’?

Answer 21

States & societies often have difficulty changing their trajectory after formative experiences & processes
* ‘habits’ based on histories

Ex: Colonial Legacies

Question 22

Colonial Legacies (ex: Path Dependency)

Answer 22

Colonization has left certain broad legacies:
* Economies overwhelmingly reliant on certain NR
* Export economies
* Social/Political marginalization of darker-skinned peoples
* Violent coercion of the labour force, remnant from slavery