Week 1 Flashcards
Who Discovered X-rays
WILHELM CONRAD ROENTGEN (1895)
Discovered the Use of X-rays in breast cancer
EMIL GRUBBE (1895)
Discovered the Use of X-rays in nasopharyngeal cancer and in pain palliation
VOIGT J. ÄRZTLICHER VEREIN (1896)
Discovery of natural radioactivity
HENRI BECQUEREL (1896)
Use of X-rays in the treatment of gastric cancer
DESPEIGNES (1896)
Use of X-rays in the treatment of skin cancer
LÉOPOLD FREUND (1896)
Discovery of electrons
JOHN JOSEPH THOMPSON (1897)
Discovery of radium
PIERRE & MARIE CURIE (1898)
Definition of the alpha particle
ERNEST RUTHERFORD (1899)
The first use of radium in skin brachytherapy
DR. DANLOS (1901)
Publications showing the efficacy of radiotherapy in lymphoma
SENN & PUSEY (1903)
Discovery of the sensitivity of seminoma to radiation
ANTOINE BÉCLÈRE (1905)
Discovery of the photoelectric effect
ALBERT EINSTEIN (1905)
Discovery of characteristic
CHARLES G. BARKLA (1906)
Demonstration of the Compton effect
ARTHUR H. COMPTON (1922)
First cyclotron
ERNEST O. LAWRENCE (1931)
DEATH OF MRS. MARIE CURIE
Due to pernicious anemia (myelodysplasia)
1934
The first betatron.
DONALD W. KERST (1940)
Discovered The first cobalt-60 teletherapy machine.
HAROLD E. JOHNS (1951)
The first linear accelerator (linac) machine
HENRY S. KAPLAN (1952)
Discovery of the gamma knife
LARS LEKSELL (1968)
The first computerized tomography (CT)
GODFREY NEWBOLD HOUNSFIELD (1971)
Discovered The first MRI machine.
PAUL C. LAUTERBUR, PETER MANSFELD (1973)
The first use of computers and CT in radiotherapy
1990
The first clinical IMRT treatment
1994
FDA approval of the first IMRT software
1996
FDA approval of robotic radiosurgery
2001
FDA clearance of spiral (helical) tomotherapy
2002
The first use of image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) technology
2003
MR Linear accelerator (UMC Utrecht-Holland)
2007
RADIOTHERAPY TYPES ACCORDING TO AIM
Curative Radiotherapy
Palliative Radiotherapy
Palliative Radiotherapy with curative doses
Prophylactic (preventive) radiotherapy
Total body irradiation
Used in cases of early-stage Hodgkin’s
lymphoma, nasopharyngeal cancer, some
skin cancers, and early glottic cancers
(curative radiotherapy = definitive
radiotherapy) for example.
CURATIVE RADIOTHERAPY
This is the application of radiotherapy alone to cure.
CURATIVE RADIOTHERAPY
This is the alleviation of cancer symptoms
PALLIATIVE RADIOTHERAPY
Used in cases of brain and bone metastases and superior vena cava syndrome for example.
PALLIATIVE RADIOTHERAPY
Administration of high doses of radiotherapy in cases where other treatment modalities cannot be applied for different reasons.
PALLIATIVE RADIOTHERAPY WITH CURATIVE DOSES
Used in cases of inoperable lung/laryngeal cancer and brain tumors for example.
PALLIATIVE RADIOTHERAPY WITH CURATIVE DOSES
This is the prevention of possible
metastases or recurrences through the
application of radiotherapy.
PROPHYLACTIC (PREVENTIVE) RADIOTHERAPY
This is the ablation of bone marrow by
radiation in order to suppress the immune
system, eradicate leukemic cells, and
clear space for transplant cells during
bone marrow transplantation
conditioning.
TOTAL BODY IRRADIATION
RADIOTHERAPY TYPES ACCORDING TO TIMING
Adjuvant Radiotherapy
Neoadjuvant radiotherapy
Radiochemotherapy (chemoradiotherapy)
Radiotherapy given after any kind of
treatment modality.
ADJUVANT RADIOTHERAPY
If given after surgery
postoperative radiotherapy
ADJUVANT RADIOTHERAPY
Radiotherapy given before any kind of
treatment modality
NEOADJUVANT RADIOTHERAPY
If given before surgery
preoperative radiotherapy
NEOADJUVANT RADIOTHERAPY
Radiotherapy given concurrently with
chemotherapy.
RADIOCHEMOTHERAPY (CHEMORADIOTHERAPY)
RADIOTHERAPY TYPES ACCORDING TO MODE
External radiotherapy (teletherapy/external
beam radiotherapy)
Brachytherapy (endocurie therapy/sealedsource
radiotherapy)
Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT)
Stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT)
Three-dimensional conformal RT (3D-CRT)
Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT)
Image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT)
Photodynamic therapy
Tomotherapy
Cyberknife® (robotic radiosurgery)
Boron neutron capture therapy
Hyperthermia
Radiotherapy applied to the body
externally using a treatment machine.
EXTERNAL RADIOTHERAPY (TELETHERAPY/EXTERNAL BEAM RADIOTHERAPY)
Radiotherapy given under intraoperative
conditions, usually by electron beams or
low-energy X-rays.
INTRAOPERATIVE RADIOTHERAPY (IORT)
Radiotherapy delivered by several beams
that are precisely focused on a three-
dimensionally localized target.
STEREOTACTIC RADIOTHERAPY (SRT)
A radiotherapy technique where the dose
volume is made to conform closely to the
target through the use of 3D anatomical
data acquired from CT or MRI imaging
modalities
THREE-DIMENSIONAL CONFORMAL RT (3D-CRT)
The aim is to apply the maximum dose to
the target while sparing neighboring
structures as much as possible with the
aid of advanced computer software and
hardware.
THREE-DIMENSIONAL CONFORMAL RT (3D-CRT)
▪ It is the IMRT type in which the irradiation head rotates 360° around the treatment volume, similar to the CT
TOMOTHERAPY
This prevents tumoral repair by utilizing a supraadditive (synergistic)
effect with radiation: tumor tissues get colder more slowly than
normal tissues.
HYPERTHERMIA
