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Research Methods and Statistics II > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a constant ?

A

Does not change in value

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2
Q

What is a variable ?

A

has more than one value

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3
Q

What is a discrete variable ?

A

only takes on whole-valued numbers

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4
Q

What is a continuous variable?

A

falls in a continuum and allows fractional amounts

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5
Q

What are the 4 scales of measurement ?

A
  • Nominal
  • Ordinal
  • Interval
  • Ratio
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6
Q

What is a nominal scale ?

A

broken into categories that have no numerical properties

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7
Q

What is a ordinal scale ?

A

broken into categories on a ranked order

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8
Q

What is a interval scale ?

A

number-based, distance b/w numbers in this scale is equal

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9
Q

What is a ratio scale ?

A

also number-based and equal distance b/w interval but has an absolute zero - when the number 0 menas that this variable doesn’t exist

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10
Q

What is random sampling ?

A

every member of the population has an equal probability of being included into the sample. This is the basis of all statistics!

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11
Q

What are the 2 branches of statistics ?

A
  • Descriptive - Homogeneity of performance
  • Inferential - probability-based
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12
Q

What are the 3 goals of scientific research ?

A
  • to DESCRIBE - Observational studies, case studies, surveys
  • to PREDICT - correlational studies; quasi-experimental
  • to EXPLAIN - experimental studies
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13
Q

What is the purpose of correlational studies ?

A

To predict the association or relationship b/w two variables

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14
Q

What is the symbol used to depict correlation ?

A

r
* sign = direction
* value = strength/magnitude

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15
Q

What is a confound variable ?

A

A third variable that may indirectly impact the 2 variables in a correlational study

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16
Q

What is the purpose of experimental studies ?

A

to determine cause-and-effect relationship b/w variables

17
Q

What is a dependent variable ?

A

what is being measured and compared

18
Q

What is a independent variable ?

A

what you manipulate

19
Q

What is a control group(s) vs a experimental group(s) ?

A
  • Control - didn’t receive any levels of IV
  • Experimental - received some levels of IV
20
Q

What are control variable(s) ?

A

variables that you want to make sure is the same b/w different groups

21
Q

What is involved in quasi-experimental studies ?

A
  • When the variable of interest is not manipulated by the researcher
  • cannot offer causal explanation
22
Q

What is the mean ?

A

the arithmetic average in a set of data

23
Q

What is the issue with the mean ?

A

the mean is very sensitive to EXTREME scores in the dataset

24
Q

What is the median ?

A

the middle score in the distribution, when the scores are sorted in ascending or descending orders

25
Q

What is the mode ?

A

the score that occurs with the greatest frequency

26
Q

What is variability ?

A

the dispersion of scores

27
Q

What is range ?

A
  • the difference b/w the lowest and the highest score in a distribution
  • prone to the impact of extreme scores
28
Q

What is interquartile range ?

A

Difference b/w the 75th and 25th centile in a distribution

29
Q

What is averge deviation ?

A
  • indicated the avg difference b/w the scores in a distribution and the mean of the distribution
  • uses the absolute values to indicate the distance
30
Q

What is deviation ?

A

the difference b/w the score and the mean

31
Q

What is standard deviation ?

A

the sqaure root of the averged SS (sum of squared deviations) from the mean

32
Q

What is a normal curve ?

A

a symmetrical, bell-shaped frequency polygon representing a normal distribution

33
Q

What is a raw score ?

A

the acutal value of a score

34
Q

What is a z score ?

A

the standard score, which indicates how many SD units a raw score is from the mean of the distribution

Research Methods and Statistics II (9 decks)

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