Week 1 Flashcards
Name the levels of organisation?
- Chemical
- Cellular
- Tissue
- Organ
- System
- Oeganismal
What are the 11 body systems?
Integument
Skeletal
Muscular
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic and immune
Endocrine
Nervous
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
What is the integumentary system?
Components include: skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands.
It is the ‘wrapping paper’ - Everything on the outside of the body
Functions of the integumentary system?
Protection (eg production on melanin)
Temperature regulation
Waste elimination (eg loose small amount of urea and excess water)
Helps make vitamin D (sent to kidneys, picks up OH group, which activates the vitamin)
Detects sensations (hot, cold, touch, pain, etc)
What is the skeletal system?
Components include: bones, joints and cartilage
Eg: Cranium, suture, atlas, axis, calvicle, thoracic, humerus, pelvis, radius, ulna, sacral, coccyx, head of femur, calcaneus, metatarsalphalangeal joint, fibla, tibula, patella, saddle joint of thumb, phalanges, femur, lumbar, cervical, radius, scaphoid, metacarpal
(don’t need to remember all just some)
Functions of the skeletal system
Support and protection
Muscle attachments
(Some bones) house cells that produce blood cells
Stores minerals and lipids
- Bone = minerals
- Yellow bone marrow = lipids
What is the Muscular system?
What is its function?
Component: skeletal muscle
Enables movement
Stabilises body position (posture)
Generates heat
What are the components of the cardiovascular system?
Blood, heart, blood vessels
Function of cardiovascular system?
Transport of substances
- Gases, nutrients, waste, hormones
Temperature regulation
Waster content regulation
Defence against disease
Repair of tissues (eg platelets adhere to injured areas and enables clotting to occur)
What are the components of the lymphatic and immune system?
Lymphatic fluid (fluid going into from tissues and collected into the lymph glands then enter the blood stream)
Lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes
Bone marrow, spleen, thymus, tonsils
Functions of the lymphatic and immune system?
Returns proteins and fluid to blood
Carries lipids from GI tract to blood
Protects against disease and cancer
- Thymus - t-cells (adaptive immunity)
- Lymph nodes - lymphocytes
What are the components of the endocrine system?
Hormone producing glands:
Hypothalamous
Pituitary gland
Thymus
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Pancreas
Ovary
Testis
Adrenal gland
Functions of the endocrine system
Co-ordinates body functions
Releases hormones from glands to have effect on target organs
What are the components of the nervous system
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, special sense organs (eg eyes, ears)
Functions of the nervous system
Generate nerve impulses to regulate body activities
Detects stimuli and responds to them
Initiates muscles contraction or gland secretion
Monitor internal environment
- Thermoreceptors (heat)
- Baroreceptors (Pressure)
- Osmoreceptors (Water)
- Chemoreceptors (chemical)
What are the components of the respiratory system
Lungs and air passages
Pharynx, larynx
Trachea, bronchioles, alveoli
Functions of the respiratory system
Gaseous exchange
Regulates acid-base balance of body fluids
Enables sound production when air passes through vocal cords
What are the components of the digestive system
Organs of the GI tract
- mouth
- pharynx
- oesophagus
- stomach
- small and large intestines
Accessory organs
- Salivary glands
- gall bladder
- liver
- pancreas
functions of the digestive system
Physical and chemical breakdown of food
Absorbs nutrients
Eliminates solid waste
What are the components of the urinary systems
Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
Functions of the urinary system
Produce, store and eliminate urine
Eliminates metabolic waste
Regulates volume and chemical composition of the blood
Helps to maintain the acid-base balance of the body fluids
Regulates production of RBC
What are the female components of the reproductive system
Ovaries
Uterus
Fallopian Tubes
Vagina
What are the male components of the reproductive system
Testes
Epididymus
Vas deferens
Penis
Functions of the reproductive system
Gamete production
Hormone release
- Regulate reproduction and associated body changes during puberty
List bones from the skeletal system
Cranium and Suture (Skull region)
Calvicle (Top of spine)
Atlas, Axis, Cervical (Neck region)
Thoracic (Rib cage region)
Humerus (upper arm)
Radius (front arm)
Ulna (Back arm)
Pelvis, Sacral, Coccyx (Bum area)
Head of femur, femur (Top of thigh / upper leg)
Tibia (front leg)
Fibula (back leg)
Patella (Knee)
Lumbar (lower spine)
Calcaneus, Metatarsalphalangeal Joint (foot)
Saddle joint of thumb
Phalanges (finger)
Metacarpal, Scaphoid (Wrist region and back of hand)
What hormones does the adrenal gland produce?
Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone and corticosterone)
Glucocorticoids (cortisol and cortisone)
Androgens (oestrogen and testrosterone)
Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
Peptides (somatostatin and substance P)
What does the hormone Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone and corticosterone) do?
Aldosterone = Helps regulate blood pressure by managing sodium and potassium levels in the blood
Corticosterone = plays a role in metabolism, stress and adaptation
What does the hormone Glucocorticoids (cortisol and cortisone) do?
Cortisol = regulates the body’s stress response, metabolism, inflammation, blood pressure and sugar and the sleep-wake cycle
Cortisone = same as above
What does the hormone
Androgens (oestrogen and testrosterone) do?
oestrogen = regulates puberty, menstral cycle and pregnancy, stimulates egg follicle growth in the ovaries, (affects cholesterol levels, blood sugar levels and brain function, maintains bone strength and prevents bone breakdown)
testrosterone = development of the penis and testes, deepening of voice during puberty, facial hair and pubic hair appearance and may play a role in balding muscle size and strength bone growth and sex drive sperm production later in life.
What does the hormone Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) do?
epinephrine = increases cardiac output, raises glucose levels in blood, stimulates sympathetic nervous system, prepares fight or flight by increasing blood circulation and breathing
norepinephrine = opposite of epinephrine
(also known as adrenaline and noradrenaline)
What does the hormone Peptides (somatostatin and substance P) do?
somatostatin = regulates variety of bodily functions by hindering the release of other hormones, the activity of gastrointestinal tract and the rapid reproduction of cells
substance P = mediates interactions between neurones and immune cells
Define tissue?
A tissue is a group of similar cells that usually have common embryonic origins and function together to perform specialised functions
What are the 4 basic tissue types?
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
What are the 5 different types of cell junctions?
Cell junctions = joining cells in tissues
a) tight
b) adherens
c) desmosome
d) hemidesmosome
e) gap
What is the main role of the nervous tissue?
Detects internal and external changes in conditions and acts to maintain homeostasis.
Two main cell types: Neurons, Neuroglia
What are the two main cell types in the nervous tissue?
1) Neurons - generate and conduct nerve impulses.
- Cell body – nucleus and other organelles
- Dendrites – receive signals
- Axons – conduction over long distance
2) Neuroglia - non-conducting. Insulate, support and protect neurons.
What are the three different types of neuronal cells, how are they classified?
Neuronal cells are classified according to number of processes extending from the cell body
Multipolar neuron (most common eg motor neuron)
Bipolar neuron (eg sensory neuron)
Unipolar neuron ( mainly found in invertebrate)
What are the three main types of muscle tissue?
Muscle tissue generates physical force for movement, including:
- Skeletal muscle
- Cardiac muscle
- Smooth muscle
What are the features of skeletal muscle (muscle tissue)?
- Long, cylindrical cells containing many peripheral nuclei
- Myofilament arrangement give tissue a striated appearance
- Attached to bones of skeleton
- Parallel fibres
- Voluntary movement (conscious)
What are features of the cardiac muscle (muscle tissue)?
- Found only in walls of the heart
- Central nuclei
- Cells joined end-to-end via intercalated discs
- Straited and involuntary movement
What are characteristics of smooth muscle? (muscle tissue)
- No striations
- Cells thick in middle and taper at each end
- Central nucleus
- Found in walls of hollow structures (eg blood vessels, lung airways, intestines etc)
Features of epithelial tissue (epithelium)?
Forms continuous sheets
Functions: Covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, forms glands…
Avascular (cells have no blood vessels running through them)
Innervated (nerves between them)
Generally, has a high proliferative potential (high rate of cell division)
What are the different types of epithelium covering/lining classifications?
Simple
Stratified
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Pseudostratified
Function and location of simple squamous (epithelium)
Function: includes filtration or exchange via diffusion
Location: includes kidney, capillaries, alveoli, lymphatic vessels
Function and location of simple cuboidal (epithelium)
Function: secretion and absorption
Location: includes kidney tubules, small glands
Function and location of NON-CILIATED simple columnar (epithelium)
Function: absorption and secretion
Location: digestive tract, gall bladder, some excretory glands
Function and location of CILIATED simple columnar (epithelium)
Function: moves mucous in lungs also eggs down fallopian tubules
Location: upper respiratory tract, fallopian tubes…
Function and location of stratified squamous (epithelium)
Function: protection from abrasion
Location: oesophagus (non-keratinised, epidermis (keratinised)
Function and location of stratified cuboidal (epithelium)
Function: protection, secretion absorption
Location: large ducts of glands
Function and location of stratified columnar (epithelium)
Function: protection, secretion
Location: e.g. urethra, ducts of some glands e.g. salivary gland
Function and location of transitional epithelium (epithelium)
Function: permits distension
Location: urinary bladder, ureters
Features of connective tissue?
Diverse: specialised cells and ground substances. (cells, fibre and gel-like substance)
Tissue that supports, protect and gives structures to other tissues/organs. Stores fat, help move nutrient or repair damage.
(eg adipose, cartilage, bone, blood)
What is tight junction
(Cell junctions)?
Consists of: Adjacent plasma membranes, intercellular space, strands of trans-membrane proteins
Function: Forms seals
Location: eg skin
What is adherens junction
(Cell junctions)?
Consists of: Adjacent plasma membranes, microfilaments, plaque, transmembrane glycoprotein, intercellular space, adhesion belt
Function: Structural strength
What is desmosome
(Cell junctions)?
Consists of: Adjacent plasma membranes, intercellular space, plaque, transmembrane glycoprotein, intermediate filament
Function: Withstand intense mechanical stress/pressure
Location: eg cardiac muscle, skin
What is hemidesmosome
(Cell junctions)?
Consists of: intermediate filament, basement membrane, plasma membrane, plaque, transmembrane glycoprotein in extracellular space
Function: Anchor cells to extracellular matrix
Location: eg skin
What is gap junction
(Cell junctions)?
Consists of: Adjacent plasma membranes, 6 connexons each side, gap between cells
Function: Gaps for rapid exchange of substances/molecules
Location: eg for blood cells or electrical impulses (skeletal muscle don’t have gap junctions)
What are the different lobes of the brain?
Frontal lobe
Motor cortex
Sensory cortex
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
What is the role of the frontal lobe?
Executive functions, thinking, planning, organising and problem solving, emotions and behavioural control, personality
What is the role of the motor cortex?
movement
What is the role of the sensory cortex?
sensations
What is the role of the parietal lobe?
Perception, making sense of the world, arithmetic, spelling
What is the role of the occipital lobe?
vision
What is the role of the temporal lobe?
Memory, understanding, language
What are the three types of cell capable in secretion in glandular epithelium?
Merocrine Apocrine
Holocrine
Components of merocrine cell secretion?
Most common type of secretion: goblet cells produces mucus
Rough ER produces specialist proteins for secretion -> golgi complex
where they are modified usually by to glycosylation
Golgi vesicles travel to the surface of the cell - > released.
Components of apocrine cell secretion?
Uncommon: prostate gland, lactating mammary glands, apocrine sweat gland (integumentary system)
Polarized epithelial tissues
Portion of the cell is pinched off and released, including some of its organelles (mitochondria, Golgi, ER)
The secretory product includes part of the cell as well as the secretory vesicles.
Components of holocrine cell secretion?
Rarest: the sebaccous glands.
Sebaccous glands cover most of our body and they produce the oily secretion which helps protect our skin and stop our cells drying out, also inside our ears we have sebaccous glands which produce ear wax.
With holocrine secretion the entire cell disintegrates and the whole cell becomes the secretory product.
Features of Endocrine (glandular epithelium)
makes and release products directly into the blood
endo – within – product stays in the body
generally secrete hormones, adrenaline adrenal glands above our kidneys
Features of exocrine (glandular epithelium)
makes and release products, usually through a duct or opening
exo – outside/external – products exit to the body surfaces or body cavities
Unicellular, e.g goblet cells is one cell which can secrete mucus, or multicellular so composed of many cells
Multicellular glands can be classified in what two ways?
Simple (no branching),
Compound (branching)
Simple multicellular glands?
has a duct but there is no branching of the duct.
Tubular:
Simple tubular – intestinal glands
Simple branched tubular – pyloric glands of the stomach
Coil tubular - sweat gland
Acinar/alveolar – pear-like rounded bags with wide inner free space.
Simple branched: eg sebaceous gland
Three types of compound multicellular glands?
Tubular eg Mucous glands, acinar eg Mammary glands, tubuloacinar eg prostate gland
What are the functions of connective tissue?
Binds together, supports and strengthens other tissue.
Protects and support internal organs
Compartmentalises (e.g the eye is enclosed by the tunica fibrosa)
Major transport systems (blood)
Immune function (blood)
Energy storage (adipose tissue)
What are the three main types of protein fibres within connective tissue?
Collagen - non elastic, strong and flexible
Elastic - ‘rubbery’ - fibrillin and elastin
Reticular - thin and branched collagen with other proteins
What are the different cell types of connective tissue?
Fibroblasts, chondrocytes, macrophages, red blood cells, white blood cells, adipocytes.
What are the 5 tissue types of connective tissue?
Loose (areolar, adipose, reticular)
Dense (regular, irregular, elastic)
Cartilage (hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage)
Bone
Blood
What are features of areolar loose connective tissue?
Semifluid ground substance surrounds blood vessels and nerves
All 3 fibres types loosely dispersed
Fibroblasts predominate they secrete fibres and ground substance
What are features of the adipose loose connective tissue?
Adapted to store triglycerides (fat)
Can also acts as shock absorber and thermal insulator in subcutaneous tissue
Adipocytes predominate
Features of the reticular loose connective tissue?
Interwoven reticular fibres associate with reticular cells
Forms the stroma, a supporting framework in reticular organs (lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow)
What are features of regular dense connective tissue?
Closely packed parallel collagen fibres
Found in areas where tension is exerted along axis of fibres
E.g tendons and ligaments, cornea, sclera
Features of irregular dense connective tissue?
Thick and irregular collagen fibres
Found where tension is exerted in many different planes
E.g. dermis of skin
Features of elastic dense connective tissue?
Combines strength with elasticity
Recoils easily
E.g. artery walls
Features of hyaline cartilage (connective tissue)
Most widely distributed
At ends of bones
Firm support with flexibility. Shock absorber
Forms articular cartilage at ends of long bones yielding low-friction surfaces for joints
Features of elastic cartilage (connective tissue)
Has many more elastin fibres than hyaline cartilage
Found where strength and flexibility are needed
E.g. external ear
What are features of fibrocartilage cartilage (connective tissue)
Parallel collagen fibres - chondrocytes ‘squeezed’ in between
Strong and rigid.
Strongest of 3 kinds of cartilage
Found where strong support is needed
E.g. intervertebral discs.
What are features of bone (connective tissue)
Numerous collagen fibres with matrix of inorganic calcium salts
Supports and protects soft tissues
Fat storage and synthesis of blood cells (stem cell niche)
Features of blood (connective tissue) (briefly)?
Atypical connective tissue (a liquid)
Red and white blood cells surrounded by fluid plasma matrix
A sebaceous gland has this anatomical name to describe the shape of the gland…
Simple branched acinar gland
What is the anatomical terms used to describe the shape of a sweat gland?
Tubular
