Week 1 Flashcards
What is an example of an archaea extremophile?
Thiomargarita namibienisis - found in the ocean, unharmful
What archaea are adapted to high temperature?
Thermophile
Membrane is adapted to remain fluid at increased temperature,
Enzyme structure adaptation to prevent denaturing,
Proteins fold different to withstand extreme temperatures
What biotechnical application can extremophiles be used for?
- PCR
- Biofuels
- Biomining
- Carotenoid production (uses halophiles)
- Detergents
What thermophile can be used during polymerase chain reaction?
Thermus aquaticus
(Used as a heat resistant enzyme, Taq DNA polymerase)
Components of prokaryotic cells?
Pili
Nucleoid
Ribosomes
Plasma Membrane
Cell Wall
Capsule
Flagella
Cytoplasm
(Classified by shape)
Prokaryotic cell components: Nucleoid
Contains circular DNA, no nuclear membrane
What are the most common shape of bacteria?
Cocci
Bacilli
Spirochetes
Prokaryotic cell components: Plasma membrane
Has the same basic structure of all biological membranes
Some prokaryotes have infoldings of the plasma membrane which contain specialised enzymes that perform specific functions (eg cyanobacteria have thylakoids)
How does the flagella allow for movement?
Movement by a rotatory motor
Oxidises ATP by pumping H+ out of the cell, generating a gradient, diffusion of these H+ back into the cell, turs the Hook which causes filament to turn and propel
What are autotrophs
(Modes of nutrition)
Producers - make own food - pants, algae, bacteria
What are heterotrophs?
Modes of nutrition)
Consumers - consume producers/consumers - mammals
What is photo?
Modes of nutrition)
Use light
What is chemo?
Modes of nutrition)
Use molecules/compounds
What are Eukaryotes: modes of nutrition?
Photoautotrophs and chemoheterotrophs
What are prokaryotes: mode of nutrition?
Chemoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs and photoheterotrophs
Examples of extremophiles, adapted to pH
Hyperacidophile
Acidophile
Neutrophile
Alkaliphile
Hyperalkaliphile
Examples of extremophiles, adapted to temperature
Psychrophile
Mesophile
Thermophile
Hyperthermophile
Examples of extremophiles, adapted to salinity (salt)
Non-halophile
Halotolerant
Halophile
Extreme halophile
Examples of extremophiles, adapted to pressure
Barotolerant
Barophile
Hyperbarophile
Examples of extremophiles, adapted to water activity
Xerophile
What is a polyextremophile
An archaea/extremophile with tolerance or preference to multiple parameters combined
Prokaryotic cell components: Cytoplasm
Contains ribosomes and little else
Prokaryotic cell components: Flagella
Some prokaryotes have flagella which is composed of the protein flagellin
Prokaryotic cell components: Pili
Composed of the protein Pilin and help bacterial stick to their substrate or to each other.
They extend to attach onto other bacteria and stick together bacteria and conjugate, sharing genetic material