Week 1

Question 1

Selectivity

Answer 1

An ongoing decision making process that guides data collection and interpretaion

Question 2

Hypothetical-deductive approach

Answer 2

The process under which a patient is observed, a hypothesis is made of their condition, data is collected to prove/disprove that hypothesis until a hypothesis is sufficiently proved true, a diagnosis can be made, and treatment can start.

Question 3

Differential diagnosis

Answer 3

The set of initial hypothesis that a physician may have after interviewing a patient, usually after 6 or 7 initial questions.

Question 4

ROS

Answer 4

Review of Systems, in which a physician will investigate each of the organ systems

Question 5

CT

Answer 5

Computed Tomography: a noninvasive medical imaging process using x-rays to model in the inside of a body

Question 6

ECG

Answer 6

Electrocardiagram, a quick test to check the heart beat of a patient, used to diagnose heart attacks and irregular heart beats call arrhthmias.

Question 7

Sensitivity vs Specificity

Answer 7

Sensitivity =
* The liklihood that a given datum will be observed in a patient with a given disease/condition.
* The test accuracy index
* How well the test will identify disease with the condition
* detection rate

Specificity =
* How well the test will identify people without the disease/condition
* percent of people without disease that test negative

Sensitivity = Se
Specificity = Sp

Se = 99%
Sp = 95%

Se = d/(b+d’)
Sp = a/(a+c)

Question 8

Pathognomonic

Answer 8

Tests that immediately prove a diagnosis to be true (ie. Pap smear)

Question 9

Specificity

Answer 9

An observation is highly specific if it is often not observed in patients who do not have the disease.

A pathognomonic observation is 100% specific for that disease

Question 10

Prevalence of disease

Answer 10

The proportion of the population of interest that has the disease at any given time.

Question 11

Baseline rate

Answer 11

Prevelance of disease in a selected population

Question 12

Accuracy of a test is defined by formula:

Answer 12

Accuracy = (Tp+Tn) / (Tp+Tn+Fp+Fn)

Question 13

Sensitivity formula

Answer 13

Sensitivity = Tp / Tp+Fn

The ability of a test to correctly identify patients with disease/condition

Question 14

Specificity formula

Answer 14

Specificity = Sp = Tn / (Tn+Fp)

Ability of a test to correctly determine healthy subjects

Question 15

Representative heuristic

Answer 15

The degreee in which probabilities are judged based on how A is representative/similar to B
What is the probability that A belongs to class B?

Question 16

Availability heuristic

Answer 16

An estimate of probability based on the ease of which similar events are recalled.

Question 17

Anchoring and adjustment heuristic

Answer 17

Where an initial estimate of probability is made and then adjusted with new information.

Question 18

Prevalence

Answer 18

The frequency of an event in a population

Question 19

Clinical subgroubs

Answer 19

A well defined subgroup in which disease prevalence is known

Question 20

Clinical prediction rules

Answer 20

A set of rules that define how clinicians can use clinical findings to estimate probability, from a systematic study of patients who have a specific diagnostic problem.

Question 21

Referral bias

Answer 21

Disease prevalence in a population that is referred to specialists will occur at a higher rate because they are expected to have a higher likely hood of disease if they are pre screened by the PCP.