Week 1 Flashcards
Prenatal Period
Conception to birth
Germinal Period
1-2 weeks gestation
Embryonic Period
2-8 Weeks Gestation
Fetal Period
9-38 Weeks Gestation
Infancy Period
Birth-2 years
Childhood Period
2-10 years Female
2-12 years Male
Adolescence Period
10-18 Females
12-20 Males
Young Adulthood Period
18-40 years
Middle Adulthood Period
40-65 years
Young Older-Adulthood
65-74 years
Middle-Older Adulthood
75 - 84 years
Old-Older Adulthood
84 years to death
Dynamic Systems Theory
Adaptation in movement results from task and environmental demands
*Motor behavior is a result of interaction between perfection and action, NOT just nervous system maturation
Growth
Changes in physical dimension
Maturation
Changes toward adult form and function
Learning
Relatively permanent changes resulting from practice
How is growth measured in babies
height, weight, head circumference
Two Theories of Aging
1: genetic theories resulting form internal, gradual failure of body systems
2: non-genetic theories caused by external factors/ interactions with the environment affects of decline
Factors influencing child movement
Individual
Family
Culture
Environment
How does culture contribute to differences in motor development?
Some cultures encourage/discourage independence more than others
How many falls do new walkers have per hour on average
15
Recommended sleep position for babies
On their back, swaddles, with nothing the child can suffocate on/with
What can the presence of reflexes be indicative of?
Developmental sequence, neurological status, asymmetry
What are primitive/neonatal reflexes
involuntary stereotypic movement patterns elicited in a newborn via sensation or sensory stimulus
Attitudinal reflexes
Stimulus in head and neck position
What triggers automatic postural reactions?
The body’s orientation and pattern of weight distribution in the base of support
Reflex Integration
When a reflex is not the most common response to a stimulus and volitional movement is a more typical response
When are reflexes typically integrated
4-6 months
2 Exceptions to the 4-6 month Reflex Integrations
Plantar Reflex- integrates at 9 months
STNR- integrates by 8-12 months
3 Reflexes seen in children with neurological conditions
Neonatal Positive Support
ATNR
STNR
8 Primitive Reflexes
Sucking
Rooting
Palmar Grasp
Plantar Grasp
Neonatal Positive Support
Spontaneous Walking
Automatic Walking Reflex
When holding a baby upright with feet on a stable surface, baby takes high steps with a regular rhythm
Neonatal Positive Support Reflex
When holding the baby upright, flexors and extensors will contract to try to bear weight in lower extremities
When does neonatal positive support integrate?
1-2 months
When does automatic walking reflex integrate?
3-4 months
Sucking Reflex
The infant starts sucking when their lips are stroked
When does the Sucking Reflex Integrate?
2-5 months
Rooting Reflex
When touched on the cheek, baby will open their mouth and search for the nipple
When does rooting reflex integrate?
3 months
Galant’s Reflex
Lateral curvature of the trunk with stroking one side of the back
When does Galant’s reflex integrate?
3 months
Moro reflex/Startle Response
Reflex in which a newborn extends arms and legs and cries in response to a loud noise or an abrupt change in positioning (falling feeling)
When does Moro Reflex Integrate
3-5 months
Palmar Grasp Reflex
In response to stroking baby’s palm, the hand will grasp
Palmar Grasp Integrates
4-7 months
Plantar Grasp Reflex
Reaction to stimulation of the sole of the foot that causes the toes to “grasp”
Plantar Grasp Integrates
9 months
2 Attitudinal Reflexes
ATNR & STNR
Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex
In supine, infant will experience a stimulus and turn their head to the side and in response the ipsilateral arm and leg extend, “Archers Pose”
Symmetrical Tonic Reflex
With neck flexion: UEs flex and LEs extend
With neck extension: UE extend and LEs flex
ATNR Integration
6-7 months
STNR Integration
9 - 11 months
STNR Integration
9 - 11 months
3 Categories of Automatic Postural Reactions
1: Protective Reaction
2: Righting Reaction
3: Equilibrium Reaction
Protective Reactions
- can be injury preventative
- develop by 10 months
- an extremity response to a quick or large displacement of CM out of base of support
Forward Protective Extension
6 - 9 months
Sideways Protective Extension
8 months
Backward Protective Extension
9 - 10 months
Righting Reactions
Maintain or restore proper alignment of head and trunk
- Stimulus may be vestibular, visual, or somatosensory
-Begin at birth but Peak at 10 - 12 months
Optical Righting/ Lateral Head Righting
Fixing the orientation of the head by adjusting the eyes
Landau Head & Trunk Righting
Held in the air in a prone position, the infant will lift into a Superman position
3 - 4 months
Equilibrium Reaction
Happens in response to a slow shift in CM and helps restore balance when disturbed
Sequence: Prone, Supine, Sitting, Quadruped, Standing
- lags behind attainment of movement in the next higher developmental posture
includes lateral righting & rotation
What should be integrated by the first year/ 12 months?
Primitive and Attitudinal Reflexes
What should develop in the first year?
Automatic Postural Reactions
Key Concepts for Motor Development
Development is sequential and directional (proximal to distal)
Gross motor skills precedes fine motor skills
Reflexive movement pretends voluntary and controlled movement
Flexion/Extension -> lateral flexion -> rotation
Sensation, mobility, and stability all influence movement
Why is developmental sequence important?
Planning interventions
Hallmark Movements @ 2 - 3 Months
Fidgety Movements
Asymmetry
Physiological Flexion
Hallmark Movements 4 - 6 Months
Weight on hands in Prone
Increasing symmetry
Increasing Movement Against Gravity
Beginning rotation and rolling
Hallmark Movements 6 - 8 Months
Sitting without hands
Rarely stays prone/supine & transitions between positions
Developing Trunk Stability
Hallmark Motor Development 7 - 9 Months
Sitting up from Prone
Creeping on hands & knees
Rarely stayed in prone/supine & transitons between positions
Developing trunk stability
Hallmark Motor Development 8 - 10 Months
Pulling to stand upright
UE & LE control
Hallmark Motor Development 10 - 12 Months
Cruising along furniture
Developing lateral stability
Beginning single limb postural control
Hallmark Motor Development 10 - 17 Months
Taking First Steps
Developing Lateral Stability
Beginning Single Limb Postural Control
