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Clin Path > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Pathology

A

Branch of medicine that
investigates the essential nature of disease,
especially changes in body tissues and
organs that cause or are caused by disease.

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2
Q

Health

A

Physical, psychological, and social wellbeing

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3
Q

Illness

A

Sickness or deviation from a healthy state. Can be acute or chronic.

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4
Q

Disability

A

Limits participation in daily activities

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5
Q

Disease prevention

A

Immunity, chemo prevention, preventive medicine, secondary and tertiary prevention

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6
Q

Health promotion

A

Self responsibility, nutritional awareness, stress reduction, physical fitness

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7
Q

5 Domains of health

A

1) Education access & quality
2) Health care access & quality
3) Economic stability
4) Neighborhood & built environment
5) Social & community context

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8
Q

Genomics

A

Unfolding of DNA sequence

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9
Q

Precision medicine

A

Individual genetic code used to fine tune susceptibility to disease, pathogenesis of the disease, and therapeutics

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10
Q

Epigenetics

A

Study of how biology and environmental signals determine gene expression

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11
Q

A.C.E.

A

Adverse childhood experiences, can having lasting effects on the development of the child

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12
Q

I.C.F.

A

International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health.

Components:
1) Activity: execution of a specific task.
Ex: Difficulty dressing the upper body

2) Health conditions: Medical issue.
Ex: R Cardiovascular Accident

3) Body structure & functions: Impairment
Ex: Weakness on the left side of the body

4) Participation: Restrictions
Ex: Can’t perform certain exercises due to left hand and shoulder weakness

5) Environmental factors: Ex: Lives in a 2 story house, stairs are an issue

6) Personal factors: Ex: Has 3 grandchildren and their toys are a challenge to navigate around

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13
Q

APTA movement system

A

represents the collection of systems that interact to move the body or its component part.
1) Cardiovascular
2) Endocrine
3) Integumentary
4) Pulmonary
5) Nervous
6) Musculoskeletal

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14
Q

Why should we study Pathology?

A

1) no change in function without a change in cells
2) no change in cells without a change in distribution of molecules

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15
Q

Social Security Act

A

The law defines disability as the inability to engage in any substantial gainful activity (SGA) by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment(s) which can be expected to result in death or which has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months

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16
Q

Navi’s Disablement model

A

A) Organ/Body system:
Pathology -> Impairment

B) Personal/Social (Quality of Life):
Functional Limitation -> Disability/Handicap

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17
Q

Clinical Pathology

A

It is when pathology is applied to solve clinical problems
Ex: Lab methods for clinical diagnosis

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18
Q

Pathogenesis

A

Development of unhealthy conditions or disease, specifically, the cellular events and reactions

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19
Q

Nucleus

A

membrane bound structure that contains the cell’s genetic information (DNA) and controls the cell’s growth and reproduction.

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20
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Performs protein synthesis and processing, lipid synthesis, compartmentalization of the nucleus, calcium (Ca2+) storage and release, detoxification of compounds, and lipid transfer and signaling to other organelles.

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21
Q

Ribosomes

A

Small structures present in the cytoplasm or ER. They are responsible for assembling proteins using amino acids.

22
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations.

23
Q

Lysosomes

A

contain an array of enzymes capable of breaking down all types of biological polymers—proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. Lysosomes function as the digestive system of the cell, serving both to degrade material taken up from outside the cell and to digest obsolete components of the cell itself.

24
Q

Mitochondria

A

produce energy (ATP) for the functioning of the cell. The number of mitochondria in a depends on the intensity of its activity: a muscle vs fat cell. “powerhouse of the cell”

25
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of anything from higher to lower concentration

26
Q

Osmosis

A

movement of a solvent (water) through a semipermeable membrane (as of a living cell) into a solution of higher solute concentration that tends to equalize the concentrations of solute on the two sides of the membrane

27
Q

Tonicity and RBC

A

1) Hypertonic
2) Isotonic
3) Hypotonic

28
Q

Cell Injury

A

1) Reversible Injury (mild):
Normal Cell (homeostasis):
A) Stress -> inability to adapt -> Cell Injury
B) Injurious stimulus -> Cell Injury

2) Irreversible Injury (severe, progressive):
A) Necrosis (Pathological, cell death)
B) Apoptosis (physiological)

29
Q

Necrosis

A

End point of a PATHOLOGICAL process (irreversible, cell death)
Ex: Inflammation is present during the process

30
Q

Apoptosis

A

Genetically mediated and managed process that causes cells to die (PHYSIOLOGICAL)

31
Q

Metaplasia

A

change in cell morphology and function resulting from the conversion of one adult cell type into another

32
Q

Dysplasia

A

Abnormal cell development (enlarged or pre cancerous cells)

33
Q

Causes of cell Injury

A
  1. Ischemia (lack of blood supply)
  2. Infectious agents
  3. Immune reaction
  4. Genetic factors
  5. Nutritional factors
  6. Physical factors
  7. Chemical factors
34
Q

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)

A

1) RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance): Meets the nutrient needs of 97-98% of a particular population

2) EAR (Estimated Average Requirement): Meets the nutrient needs of 50% of a population

3) AI (Adequate Intake): Target intake level based on people’s dietary intake

4) UL (Upper intake Level): Higher nutrient intake than this would be harmful

35
Q

Macronutrients

A

1) Carbohydrates (4 kcal/g): provide energy for the body, specifically for the brain and muscles.

2) Proteins (4 kcal/g): help build and repair tissues and provide essential amino acids.

3) Fats (9 kcal/g): necessary structural component of every cell. They help protect internal organs against injury, and provide many essential nutrients.

36
Q

Recommended Carb intake (Sedentary 70kg person)

A

300g or 40-50% of total daily calories

37
Q

Recommended Carb intake (physically active person)

A

400-600g or 60% of total daily calories

38
Q

Recommended carb intake (athlete)

A

70% of total daily calories (8-10g per kg body mass)

39
Q

Daily recommended lipid intake

A

20-30% of total daily kcal (carries with lipid type)

Ex: . Substitute foods high in saturated fatty acids with fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fish, poultry, and lean meat

40
Q

Recommendations for protein intake

A

1) Adults: 0.8 g/kg of body weight per day
2) Sedentary: 0.364 g/lb of body weight per day
3) Athlete: have higher requirements to synthesize muscle tissue and contribute to the energy pathways
Ex: Endurance athlete (1.2-1.4 g/kg of body weight), Resistance trained athlete (1.4-1.8 g/kg of body weight)

41
Q

Malnutrition

A

1) Overnutrition: ex: obesity
2) Undernutrition: ex: lacks calories, proteins or other nutrients needed for maintenance and repair

42
Q

Malnutrition (Diagnosis)

A

Requires 2 of the following:

*Insufficient energy intake
*Weight loss
*Loss of muscle mass
*Loss of subcutaneous fat
*Localized or generalized fluid accumulation (may mask weight loss)
*Diminished functional status measured by hand-grip strength

43
Q

Starvation related malnutrition

A

Inflammation NOT present
Pure chronic starvation
Anorexia Nervosa

44
Q

Chronic disease related malnutrition

A

Inflammation IS present (mild)
Organ failure
Pancreatic cancer
Sarcopenic obesity
Rheumatoid arthritis

45
Q

Acute disease or injury related malnutrition

A

Inflammation IS present (marked, inflammatory response)
Major infection
Burns
Trauma
Closed head injury

46
Q

Obesity

A

excessive accumulation of body fat that contributes to numerous chronic diseases as well as early mortality and morbidity.

47
Q

Common measures to define obesity in adults

A

1) BMI: Overweight (BMI > 25 kg/m2), Obese (BMI > 30 kg/m2), Morbid obesity (BMI > 40 kg/m2)

2) Waist circumference

3) Waist to hip ratio: associated with increased risk of MI (85% for women, 90% for men)

48
Q

Obesity risk factors

A

1) sedentary lifestyle
2) high glycemic diet
3) underlying illness
4) genetic disorder
5) familial and biological factors
6) medications
7) environmental or psychological behavioral factors

49
Q

Obesity pathogenesis

A

1) Neuroendocrine dysfunction – spontaneous genetic mutations that impair CNS signaling cause disrupted food intake and weight management.

2) Hormonal dysfunction – impaired cortisol secretion, insulin resistance, elevated BP, and visceral accumulation of body fat

3) Energy dysregulation – Obese people may have fewer ATPase pumps expending less energy

4) Adipose cell theory – obease people inherently have excessive number and larger fat cells, with elevated lipoprotein lipase (helps fat be deposited into adipocytes).

5) Microbial theory – gut microflora has improved ability to extract and store energy from ingested food

50
Q

Obesity complications

A
  • Metabolic syndrome
  • Type 2 diabetes mellitus
  • Liver diseases
  • Osteoarthritis
  • Sleep apnea
  • Atherosclerosis; hypertension; cardiovascular diseases
  • Stroke
  • Asthma
  • Cancer
  • Menstrual disorders and infertility
  • Lymphedema
  • Impaired mobility
  • Gallbladder disease
  • Psychologic disturbances such as irritability, loneliness, depression, binge eating, and tension
  • Premature death
51
Q

Clinical manifestation of obesity

A

1) Diabetes

2) Asthma

3) Functional impairments/deficits
Ex: Shortness of breath, ADL limitations, Increased risk of falls, Increased incidence of hip, knee, back pain

4) Lower extremity lymphedema (BMI > 59 may impair lymphatic flow)

5) Complications with pregnancy

52
Q

Obesity treatment

A

1) Weight loss
Ex: moderate calorie intake, behavioral modifications, exercise, social support

2) Medication

3) Briatic surgery

4) Behavioral and lifestyle changes

Clin Path (12 decks)

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