Week 1

Question 1

Pathology

Answer 1

Branch of medicine that
investigates the essential nature of disease,
especially changes in body tissues and
organs that cause or are caused by disease.

Question 2

Health

Answer 2

Physical, psychological, and social wellbeing

Question 3

Illness

Answer 3

Sickness or deviation from a healthy state. Can be acute or chronic.

Question 4

Disability

Answer 4

Limits participation in daily activities

Question 5

Disease prevention

Answer 5

Immunity, chemo prevention, preventive medicine, secondary and tertiary prevention

Question 6

Health promotion

Answer 6

Self responsibility, nutritional awareness, stress reduction, physical fitness

Question 7

5 Domains of health

Answer 7

1) Education access & quality
2) Health care access & quality
3) Economic stability
4) Neighborhood & built environment
5) Social & community context

Question 8

Genomics

Answer 8

Unfolding of DNA sequence

Question 9

Precision medicine

Answer 9

Individual genetic code used to fine tune susceptibility to disease, pathogenesis of the disease, and therapeutics

Question 10

Epigenetics

Answer 10

Study of how biology and environmental signals determine gene expression

Question 11

A.C.E.

Answer 11

Adverse childhood experiences, can having lasting effects on the development of the child

Question 12

I.C.F.

Answer 12

International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health.

Components:
1) Activity: execution of a specific task.
Ex: Difficulty dressing the upper body

2) Health conditions: Medical issue.
Ex: R Cardiovascular Accident

3) Body structure & functions: Impairment
Ex: Weakness on the left side of the body

4) Participation: Restrictions
Ex: Can’t perform certain exercises due to left hand and shoulder weakness

5) Environmental factors: Ex: Lives in a 2 story house, stairs are an issue

6) Personal factors: Ex: Has 3 grandchildren and their toys are a challenge to navigate around

Question 13

APTA movement system

Answer 13

represents the collection of systems that interact to move the body or its component part.
1) Cardiovascular
2) Endocrine
3) Integumentary
4) Pulmonary
5) Nervous
6) Musculoskeletal

Question 14

Why should we study Pathology?

Answer 14

1) no change in function without a change in cells
2) no change in cells without a change in distribution of molecules

Question 15

Social Security Act

Answer 15

The law defines disability as the inability to engage in any substantial gainful activity (SGA) by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment(s) which can be expected to result in death or which has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months

Question 16

Navi’s Disablement model

Answer 16

A) Organ/Body system:
Pathology -> Impairment

B) Personal/Social (Quality of Life):
Functional Limitation -> Disability/Handicap

Question 17

Clinical Pathology

Answer 17

It is when pathology is applied to solve clinical problems
Ex: Lab methods for clinical diagnosis

Question 18

Pathogenesis

Answer 18

Development of unhealthy conditions or disease, specifically, the cellular events and reactions

Question 19

Nucleus

Answer 19

membrane bound structure that contains the cell’s genetic information (DNA) and controls the cell’s growth and reproduction.

Question 20

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 20

Performs protein synthesis and processing, lipid synthesis, compartmentalization of the nucleus, calcium (Ca2+) storage and release, detoxification of compounds, and lipid transfer and signaling to other organelles.

Question 21

Ribosomes

Answer 21

Small structures present in the cytoplasm or ER. They are responsible for assembling proteins using amino acids.

Question 22

Golgi apparatus

Answer 22

responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations.

Question 23

Lysosomes

Answer 23

contain an array of enzymes capable of breaking down all types of biological polymers—proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. Lysosomes function as the digestive system of the cell, serving both to degrade material taken up from outside the cell and to digest obsolete components of the cell itself.

Question 24

Mitochondria

Answer 24

produce energy (ATP) for the functioning of the cell. The number of mitochondria in a depends on the intensity of its activity: a muscle vs fat cell. “powerhouse of the cell”

Question 25

Diffusion

Answer 25

Movement of anything from higher to lower concentration

Question 26

Osmosis

Answer 26

movement of a solvent (water) through a semipermeable membrane (as of a living cell) into a solution of higher solute concentration that tends to equalize the concentrations of solute on the two sides of the membrane

Question 27

Tonicity and RBC

Answer 27

1) Hypertonic 2) Isotonic 3) Hypotonic

Question 28

Cell Injury

Answer 28

1) Reversible Injury (mild): Normal Cell (homeostasis): A) Stress -> inability to adapt -> Cell Injury B) Injurious stimulus -> Cell Injury 2) Irreversible Injury (severe, progressive): A) Necrosis (Pathological, cell death) B) Apoptosis (physiological)

Question 29

Necrosis

Answer 29

End point of a PATHOLOGICAL process (irreversible, cell death) Ex: Inflammation is present during the process

Question 30

Apoptosis

Answer 30

Genetically mediated and managed process that causes cells to die (PHYSIOLOGICAL)

Question 31

Metaplasia

Answer 31

change in cell morphology and function resulting from the conversion of one adult cell type into another

Question 32

Dysplasia

Answer 32

Abnormal cell development (enlarged or pre cancerous cells)

Question 33

Causes of cell Injury

Answer 33

1. Ischemia (lack of blood supply) 2. Infectious agents 3. Immune reaction 4. Genetic factors 5. Nutritional factors 6. Physical factors 7. Chemical factors

Question 34

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)

Answer 34

1) RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowance): Meets the nutrient needs of 97-98% of a particular population 2) EAR (Estimated Average Requirement): Meets the nutrient needs of 50% of a population 3) AI (Adequate Intake): Target intake level based on people’s dietary intake 4) UL (Upper intake Level): Higher nutrient intake than this would be harmful

Question 35

Macronutrients

Answer 35

1) Carbohydrates (4 kcal/g): provide energy for the body, specifically for the brain and muscles. 2) Proteins (4 kcal/g): help build and repair tissues and provide essential amino acids. 3) Fats (9 kcal/g): necessary structural component of every cell. They help protect internal organs against injury, and provide many essential nutrients.

Question 36

Recommended Carb intake (Sedentary 70kg person)

Answer 36

300g or 40-50% of total daily calories

Question 37

Recommended Carb intake (physically active person)

Answer 37

400-600g or 60% of total daily calories

Question 38

Recommended carb intake (athlete)

Answer 38

70% of total daily calories (8-10g per kg body mass)

Question 39

Daily recommended lipid intake

Answer 39

20-30% of total daily kcal (carries with lipid type) Ex: . Substitute foods high in saturated fatty acids with fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fish, poultry, and lean meat

Question 40

Recommendations for protein intake

Answer 40

1) Adults: 0.8 g/kg of body weight per day 2) Sedentary: 0.364 g/lb of body weight per day 3) Athlete: have higher requirements to synthesize muscle tissue and contribute to the energy pathways Ex: Endurance athlete (1.2-1.4 g/kg of body weight), Resistance trained athlete (1.4-1.8 g/kg of body weight)

Question 41

Malnutrition

Answer 41

1) Overnutrition: ex: obesity 2) Undernutrition: ex: lacks calories, proteins or other nutrients needed for maintenance and repair

Question 42

Malnutrition (Diagnosis)

Answer 42

Requires 2 of the following: *Insufficient energy intake *Weight loss *Loss of muscle mass *Loss of subcutaneous fat *Localized or generalized fluid accumulation (may mask weight loss) *Diminished functional status measured by hand-grip strength

Question 43

Starvation related malnutrition

Answer 43

Inflammation NOT present Pure chronic starvation Anorexia Nervosa

Question 44

Chronic disease related malnutrition

Answer 44

Inflammation IS present (mild) Organ failure Pancreatic cancer Sarcopenic obesity Rheumatoid arthritis

Question 45

Acute disease or injury related malnutrition

Answer 45

Inflammation IS present (marked, inflammatory response) Major infection Burns Trauma Closed head injury

Question 46

Obesity

Answer 46

excessive accumulation of body fat that contributes to numerous chronic diseases as well as early mortality and morbidity.

Question 47

Common measures to define obesity in adults

Answer 47

1) BMI: Overweight (BMI > 25 kg/m2), Obese (BMI > 30 kg/m2), Morbid obesity (BMI > 40 kg/m2) 2) Waist circumference 3) Waist to hip ratio: associated with increased risk of MI (85% for women, 90% for men)

Question 48

Obesity risk factors

Answer 48

1) sedentary lifestyle 2) high glycemic diet 3) underlying illness 4) genetic disorder 5) familial and biological factors 6) medications 7) environmental or psychological behavioral factors

Question 49

Obesity pathogenesis

Answer 49

1) Neuroendocrine dysfunction – spontaneous genetic mutations that impair CNS signaling cause disrupted food intake and weight management. 2) Hormonal dysfunction – impaired cortisol secretion, insulin resistance, elevated BP, and visceral accumulation of body fat 3) Energy dysregulation – Obese people may have fewer ATPase pumps expending less energy 4) Adipose cell theory – obease people inherently have excessive number and larger fat cells, with elevated lipoprotein lipase (helps fat be deposited into adipocytes). 5) Microbial theory – gut microflora has improved ability to extract and store energy from ingested food

Question 50

Obesity complications

Answer 50

* Metabolic syndrome * Type 2 diabetes mellitus * Liver diseases * Osteoarthritis * Sleep apnea * Atherosclerosis; hypertension; cardiovascular diseases * Stroke * Asthma * Cancer * Menstrual disorders and infertility * Lymphedema * Impaired mobility * Gallbladder disease * Psychologic disturbances such as irritability, loneliness, depression, binge eating, and tension * Premature death

Question 51

Clinical manifestation of obesity

Answer 51

1) Diabetes 2) Asthma 3) Functional impairments/deficits Ex: Shortness of breath, ADL limitations, Increased risk of falls, Increased incidence of hip, knee, back pain 4) Lower extremity lymphedema (BMI > 59 may impair lymphatic flow) 5) Complications with pregnancy

Question 52

Obesity treatment

Answer 52

1) Weight loss Ex: moderate calorie intake, behavioral modifications, exercise, social support 2) Medication 3) Briatic surgery 4) Behavioral and lifestyle changes