Week 1 Flashcards
Describe competitive inhibitor and non-competitive inhibitors & competitive allosteric inhibition
type of enzymes
competitive inhibitor binds to the active site and the substrate can’t bind. Km increase and Vmax remains the same
noncompetitive inhibitors: binds to different places other than the active site: Km remains the same but Vmax changes
competitive allosteric inhibition- inhibitor binds to a different site other than the active site, preventing the substrate from binding to the active site ( doesn’t affect Km or Vmax)
Describe enzyme regulation
affected by changes in temperature and pH
genetic level that can turn off or on the enzyme if need
physical level: physically isolate enzyme, enzyme is release when need and isolated when its not need
enzyme level: cleave into active form, feed back inhibition and positive inhibition (birth)
Evaluate the following fraction
1/2, 1/3, 1/4. 1/5, 1/6, 1/7, 1/8, 1/9, 1/10
1/2= 0.5
1/3= 0.33
1/4= 0.25
1/5= 0. 20
1/6= 0.165
1/7= 0.143
1/8= 0. 125
1/9= 0.111
1/10= 0.10
Describe water properties
excellent solvent
high heat capacity
high adhesion (paper and wet finger)
forms hydrogen bonds
describe the difference between fat-soluble vitamin and water soluble
Water soluble: excess can be released in urine
- Vitamin C - collagen synthesis
- vitamin B- coenzyme for hemoglobin, metabolism
Fat-soluble: stored in the body, excess can be dangerous
- vitamin A= eye and skin
Vitamin D- bone formation
\Vitamin E
Vitamin K - important for clotting
Describe maltose, sucrose, lactose
Maltose- 2 glucose
sucrose - 1 glucose + 1 fructose
lactose - 1 glucose + 1 galactose
Describe lipids molecules
fats, hormone, steroid, phospholipids
triglycerides- glycerol backbone & 3 FA
- saturated
- unsaturated - double bonds
phospholipids: cell membrane: hydrophobic, hydrophilic
steroids- 6 membrane ring + 1 5 membrane ring
porphyrins: 4 pyrrole rings joined by a metal
- hemoglobin- contains Fe center
- chlorophyll = contain Mg in the center
Describe cell membrane fluidity during hot and cold temperature
cold temperature: there is a lot of unsaturated FA and the cell is riget
- cholesterol & saturated must be added to reduce rigidity
hot temperature: there is a lot of saturated FA & cell is too fluid
- cholesterol & unsaturated FA must be added to reduce fluidity
Describe proteins & protein denaturation
made up of AA
primary structure - straight chain AA
secondary structure- hydrogen bonds determine alpha of bata helix
tertiary- 3D structure determined by R-group and disulfide bonds
quaternary structure
protein denaturation - loss of secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure and function, only primary structure remains
- caused by increase in temperature or salt concentration, UV light and chemical change
Describe the order of precision of the laboratory instruments
least: baker/ erlenmeyer flask
graduated cylinder
volumetric flask/ burret (used in titration
most: pipette
which elements are found in the liquid & gas phase at room temperature
liquid: Hg & Br
Gas: H, N, O, F, Cl & noble gases
Describe transition metal properties
have filled d orbital
are often colored
many are paramagnetic
have multiple oxidation state
high mp & Bp
Describe the process of glycolysis, hexokinase & phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)
occurs in the cytosol
ATP is produced via substrate-level phosphorylation
anaerobic
products of glycolysis: 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 H2O
hexokinase- glucose –> glucose -6-phosphate
PFK-1: F-6-P –> Frictpse 1,6 bisphosphate
- regulate glycolysis
-rate-limiting step
Describe pyruvate decarboxylation
2 pyruvate molecules –> into 2 Acetyl CoA
occurs: mitochondrial matrix
aerobic reaction
net products: 2 Aceytl CoA, 2 NADH & 2 CO2
describe the Creb Cycle/ TCA cycle
occurs on the mitochondria matrix
ATP is produces via substrate-level phosphorylation
aerobic reaction
oxaloacetate + acetyl CoA –> acetate
- cycle occurs 2x
net product: 6 NADH, 2 ATP/GTP, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2
main purpose is to produced FADH2 & NADH to be used to the ETC
