Week 1

Question 1

What is development

Answer 1

development is change over time, begins at conception and continues throughout the lifespan

Question 2

What is biological processes

Answer 2

changes in individual physical nature

Question 3

What is socioemotional

Answer 3

processes changes in individuals relationships personality and emotions

Question 4

What is cognitive processes

Answer 4

Changes in individual’s thought intelligence or language skills

Question 5

Development is plastic

Answer 5

Plasticity= to be easily shaped, altered, or molded
Children go through sensitive periods individual is sensitive to a particular stimuli or interaction once period is passes cannot develop the sensitive skill
Plasticity decreases as we grow older

Question 6

Stability vs change

Answer 6

stability- involves arguments that if one is shy as a child would continue to be shy throughout life
Change- perspective involves the idea that potential for change exists throughout the lifespan

Question 7

nature vs nurture

Answer 7

this issues involves the debate about whether development is primarily influenced by nature or nurture
The debate for nature claims that biological inheritance is more important
The debate for nurture claims that environment experience is more important

Question 8

continuity vs discontinuity

Answer 8

This is issue regarding whether development invloves gradual cumulative change
Or distinct stages

Question 9

Evaluating developmental issues

Answer 9

development is not all nature-nurture, continuity-discontinuity, or stability-change
The key to understanding development is the interactions of these factors
There is still a spirited debate about how strongly development is influenced by these factors

Question 10

History of developmental psychology

Answer 10

1886-1900: Sigmund Freud offers therapy in Vienna
1901: BPS established
1920: Watson and Rayner little Albert experiments
1926: Lev Vygotsky publishes education psychology
1932: Jean Piaget publishes moral judgment of children
1948: B.F. Skinner publishes Walden two a controversial book about radical behaviourism
1950: Eric Erickson publishes “childhood and society”
1958: Harry Harlow publishes the nature of love
1961: Albert Bandura conducts the famous Bobo doll experiment
1977: Meltzoff and Moore publish imitation of facial and Manual gestures by human neonates
1979: Urie Bronfenbrenner publish the ecology of human development experiments by nature and design about ecological theory
1980: DSM-III is published
1983: Bradley and Bryant published categorising sounds and learning to read
1985: Baron-Cohen publishes does the Autistic child have a theory of mind
1993: Ceci and Bruck publish the suggestibility of the child witness
100: genetic researchers finish mapping the human Genome
2013: the DSM-5 is released
2024: You get to decide whether you would be interested in going into this field

Question 11

Freud’s psychosexual stages

Answer 11

Birth 1.5 years-oral-mouth
1.5-3 years-anal-anus
3-6 years-phallic-genitals
6-puberty-latency-represses sexual interest for social and intellectual skills
puberty-onwards-genital-sexual reawakening where sexual pleasure becomes someone out of the family

Question 12

Erikon’s stages

Answer 12

trust vs mistrust: is the world a safe place
Autonomy v Guilt: am i independent or separate from others
Initiative v guilt: am I responsible for my behaviours, pets, toys and body
industry v inferiority: am I knowledge
Identity v role confusion: what is my identity
intimacy v isolation: can i share my life with another person
Generativity v stagnation: am I able to give back to the next generation
Integrity v despair: retrospect was my life well spent

Question 13

Piaget’s stages

Answer 13

Sensorimotor: explore the world through sense and actions
Preoperational: represent and refer to object and events with words or images
Concrete operational: conserve, reverse their thinking =, and classify objects think logically and understand analogies but only about concrete events
Formal operational: use abstract reasoning about hypothesis events/situations consider logical possibilities and systematically examine/test hypothesis

Question 14

Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory

Answer 14

Russian developmentalist
We created tools within our society that aid in cognitive development
Zone of proximal development tasks too difficult for one to master alone can be mastered with assistance, scaffolding-assistance by another. Learning is a social activity and cognitive skills develop through social interaction

Question 15

Skinner

Answer 15

development is learned and changes with experience. The mind is not needed to explain behaviour and development, consequences of behaviour produce changes in the probability of the behaviour occurring

Question 16

Bandura

Answer 16

3 key factors: environment, cognition , behaviour
Observational learning

Question 17

Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory

Answer 17

Individual- age, health and sex
Microsystem-family, peers, school, neighbourhood
Mesosystem- relationships or connections between context
exosystem- links in social setting where person does not have active role
Macrosystem: culture in which individual live, patterns of behaviour and belief

Question 18

Still face paradigm

Answer 18

Mother-infant interactions, goal oriented and reciprocal: infant responds to facial feedback, language not yet a part of the system, still face is a contradictory message
Later linked to sensitive parenting

Research on this paradigm now with mobile technology: when parents use mobiles unresponsive, Negative effects on child, More mobile use associated with less room exploration and positive affect

Question 19

New Fields develop

Answer 19

1980 combined 2 fields: developmental psychology and psychopathology. New opportunities incorporating computer modelling, Interdisciplinary approach