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CMB2007: Anatomy > week 1 > Flashcards

week 1 Flashcards

intro to anatomical terms and topic 1

1
Q

Anatomy define

A

to cut up/ dissect, studying the structure/ morphology of the human body

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2
Q

types of anatomy

A

gross
surface
microanatomy/ histology
regional
systemic

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3
Q

gross anatomy

A

large, visible structures revealed by dissection

e.g. viscera/ musculoskeletal structures/ bv/ nerves/ lymphatics

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4
Q

surface anatomy

A

palpable surface landmark location of internal structures

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5
Q

microanatomy/ histology

A

structures unable to be seen by the naked eye

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6
Q

regional anatomy

A

head/ neck/ upper or lower limb/ thorax/ abdomen/ pelvis

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7
Q

systemic anatomy

A

CV/ respiratory/ musculoskeletal/ nervous/ GI / genitourinary systems

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8
Q

anatomical position

A

standing with head, feet and palms facing forward, penis erect

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9
Q

prone anatomical position

A

facing down

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10
Q

supine anatomical position

A

face up

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11
Q

superior

A

towards crown

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12
Q

inferior

A

towards sole

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13
Q

anterior

A

towards front

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14
Q

posterior

A

towards back

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15
Q

medial

A

toward midline

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16
Q

lateral

A

away from midline

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17
Q

proximal

A

towards the centre

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18
Q

distal

A

away from the centre

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19
Q

superficial

A

near surface

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20
Q

deep

A

away from surface

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21
Q

5th Intercostal Space

A

gap inferior to the 5th rib, superior to the 6th rib

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22
Q

Adrenaline

A

sympathomimetic catecholamine, causes quickening of the heart beat, strengthens force of heart’s contraction, opens bronchioles and other effects.
FIGHT OR FLIGHT RESPONSE
epinephrine

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23
Q

Aldosterone

A

steroid hormone, produced by adrenal cortex, regulates balance of salt and water in body (Mineralocorticoid)
secreted in response to low salt levels
binds to mineralocorticoid receptor and up-regulates production of protein which prevents ENaC from being degraded
^ sodium reabsorption in distal convoluted tubule of nephron leads to more water reabsorption and increase in blood pressure

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24
Q

Anterior

A

anterior view is from the front

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25
Q

Cortisol

A

steroid hormone, produced by adrenal cortex, regulates carbohydrate metabolism (Glucocorticoid)
stress hormone

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26
Q

Faecal Mass

A

Waste matter eliminated from the bowels; excrement

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27
Q

Fascia

A

sheet or band of fibrous connective tissue enveloping, separating, or binding together muscles, organs, and other soft structures of the body

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28
Q

Gall Bladder

A

small, pear-shaped muscular sac, located under the right lobe of the liver, in which bile secreted by the liver is stored until needed by the body for digestion.
concentrates bile during the fasting state, typically increasing the concentration five-fold

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29
Q

Inguinal Ligament

A

tough, fibrous ligament that stretches between the lateral edge of the pubic bone and the anterior superior iliac spine

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30
Q

Mediastinum

A

region in mammals between the pleural sacs, containing the heart and all of the thoracic viscera except the lungs

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31
Q

Medullary

A

“In the medulla or inner core

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32
Q

Necrotic

A

dead

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33
Q

Noradrenaline

A

neurotransmitter and a hormone with similar effects to those of adrenaline.
norepinephrine

34
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the lining around the heart (the pericardium) causing chest pain and accumulation of fluid around the heart (pericardial effusion)

35
Q

Posterior

A

Nearer to back. A posterior view is from the back

36
Q

Pyloric Sphincter

A

ring of smooth muscle fibers around the opening of the stomach into the duodenum

37
Q

Severe Peritonitis

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum (The peritoneum is the tissue layer of cells lining the inner wall of the abdomen and pelvis).” “Peritonitis can result from infection (such as bacteria or parasites), injury and bleeding, or diseases (such as systemic lupus erythematosus).”

38
Q

Gonadocorticoids

A

sex hormones

39
Q

Systemic Sepsis

A

The presence of bacteria (bacteraemia) or other infectious organisms or their toxins in the blood (septicaemia) or in other tissue of the body.” “Sepsis may be associated with clinical symptoms of systemic (bodywide) illness, such as fever, chills, malaise, low blood pressure, and mental status changes. Sepsis can be a serious situation, a life threatening condition calling for urgent and comprehensive care.” “Treatment depends on the type of infection, but usually begins with antibiotics or similar medications.”

40
Q

Ureters

A

tube that carries urine down from the kidney to the bladder.”
“There are normally two kidneys so there are accordingly two ureters under normal circumstances, one ureter coming from each kidney conveying urine to the bladder.”

41
Q

Vermiform Appendix

A

small outpouching from the beginning of the large intestine (the ascending colon).” “It is informally referred to as the appendix while it’s formal name is vermiform appendix (meaning worm-like appendage) because it was thought to be worm-like.”

42
Q

transverse plane

A

splits the body into superior and inferior sections
horizontal/ axial

43
Q

coronal plane

A

splits into anterior/ posterior sections
frontal

44
Q

sagittal plane

A

splits into left and right sections
(mid-sagittal sits in midline)

45
Q

vertebrae 4 sections

A

7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
coccygeal vertebrae

46
Q

3 regions of trunk

A

thoracic
abdominal
pelvic

47
Q

boundaries of trunk

A

superior thoracic inlet
inferior (diaphragm)
posterior (ribs and thoracic vertebrae)
anterior (ribs, costal cartilage and sternum)

48
Q

superior thoracic inlet

A

opening at top of thoracic cage, passage between neck and thoracic cavity

49
Q

abdomen

A

extends from diaphragm superiorly to inguinal ligaments/ pelvic brim inferiorly

50
Q

anterolateral abdominal wall

A

lateral boundaries of abdomen

51
Q

4 quadrants of abdomen

A

R/L upper quadrant
R/L lower quadrant

52
Q

9 region model

A

1st row: (R/L hypochondrium and epigastric region)
2nd row: (R/L flank lumbar and umbilical region)
3rd row: (R/L Iliac fossa and hypogastric/ suprapubic region)

53
Q

3 regions of pelvis

A

ilium/ ischium/ pubis

54
Q

true vs false pelvis

A

greater (false) pelvis between 2 ilium bones
lesser (true) pelvis deep to pubic bone/ inferior pelvic inet

55
Q

cardiovascular system

A

This system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. Its primary function is to transport nutrients and oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body and to carry deoxygenated blood back to the lungs.

56
Q

respiratory system

A

This system consists of nasal cavity, larynx, tracheobronchial tree, and lungs. It’s primary function is breathing and gas exchange.

57
Q

skeletal system

A

This system consists of all of the bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments in the body. It has a structural and locomotive function.

58
Q

integumentary system

A

This system includes the epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, associated glands, hair, and nails. It is the largest organ of the body that forms a physical barrier between the external and internal environment.

59
Q

muscular system

A

This system consists of specialised cells called muscle fibres. Muscle fibres are attached to bones or other structures and they are responsible for movement.

60
Q

genitourinary/ urogenital system

A

This system is sometimes split into the urinary and reproductive systems. It consists of the kidney, ureters, bladder, urethra, and sexual organs

61
Q

GI / digestive system

A

This system consists of the mouth, pharynx (throat), oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. It also includes the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas, which make digestive juices and enzymes that help the body digest food and liquids.

62
Q

immune system

A

This system consists of a network of biological processes that protects an organism from diseases. It detects and responds to a wide variety of pathogens

63
Q

nervous system

A

This system consists of the brain, spinal cord, periphral nerves, sensory organs and other nervous tissue. It coordinates actions and sensory information by transmitting signals to and from different parts of the body.

64
Q

endocrine system

A

This system is a messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands into the circulatory system, regulating target organs.

65
Q

2 connective tissue types of skeleton

A

bone
cartilage

66
Q

4 functions of skeleton

A

salt storage
haemopoeisis of RBC/ WBC in marrow
protection of major organs
mechanical basis of movement

67
Q

2 types of mature bone

A

spongey
compact

68
Q

compact bone

A

strong/ dense/ covering all bones w superficial, thin layer for strength

69
Q

spongey/ cancellous bone

A

less dense w air spaces
core of most bones unless replaced w medullary cavity
lighter, aiding movement

70
Q

cartilage

A

more flexibles, less strong than bones
requires diffusion for nutrient/oxygen obtaining

71
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

hyaline
fibrocartilage
elastic

72
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

most common
present as articular cartilage in adult joints
resp system airway support of trachea

73
Q

fibrocartilage

A

in articular discs in joints, intevertebral discs and around edge of ball and socket joints to enlarge sa of socket

74
Q

elastic cartilage

A

resilient w elastic fibres in structure
external ear, auditory tube, epiglottis and parts of larynx

75
Q

axial skeleton

A

all bones along body’s long axis

76
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

append to axial skeleton
limbs and girdles

77
Q

osteoperosis

A

decrease in bone mass/ strength w no change in proportion of calcified : uncalcified base material

78
Q

what hapens during bone fracture

A

BV around fracture ruptures and bleeds, releasing repair factors that form clot and calcify to become callus, joining pieces together
remodels to resemble bone shape

79
Q

osteomalacia

A

soft bones due to vit D deficiency

CMB2007: Anatomy (4 decks)

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