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biomed > week 1 > Flashcards

week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are glia cells and their function

A

glia cells are support cells
they help support/protect/insulate neurons

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2
Q

what part of the eye had the most nerve tissues

A

the retina

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3
Q

3 types of muscle tissue and their characteristics

A

skeletal muscles - attached to skeleton, striated and generates a lot of force

smooth muscle - lines hollow organs, non striated and capable of sustained activity

cardiac muscle - heart, striated branched fibres and myogenic

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4
Q

what are the 6 extra ocular muscles

A

superior oblique
inferior oblique
superior rectus
lateral rectus
medial rectus
inferior rectus

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5
Q

what is the function and composition of connective tissue

A

connective tissue: binds and supports, protects, insulated and stores reserves of elements (H2O, NaCl, fat)

made of ground substance and fibres (extra cellular matrix) and cells

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6
Q

what is the function and composition of ground substance

A

function: unstructured material that fills the space between cells

composition: interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins and proteoglycans and glycoproteins

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7
Q

what are fibres, the 3 types and their characteristics

A

fibres are strands of proteins
- collagen fibres: thickest, strongest, most abundant and 30% of body’s dry weight of protein
- reticular fibres: forms fuzzy nets to cradle other tissues and very fine collagen fibres
- elastic fibres: thinnest, elastin, stretch readily and return back to og and ideal for supporting moving structures

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8
Q

what are fibroblasts

A

they secrete fibres and ground substance
almost always 2D - flat and wide
can be seen in stroma of cornea (dark patches between lighter areas of tightly packed collagen fibres)

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9
Q

what are the main classes of connective tissue

A

specialist connective tissue
connective tissue proper

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10
Q

what are a few differences between loose areolar tissues proper and loose adipose connective tissue

A

loose areolar: packages material for body, soft, pliable, widely distributed, traps fluid (causes bruising), stores nutrients

loose adipose: nutrient storage, made of adipocytes, white space, organelles pushed to the side and found under skin (for shock absorption and insulation)

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11
Q

what is the function of loose adipose and areolar tissues in the eye

A

loose aereolar: stroma of iris which helps change shape to control pupil size

loose adipose: fills most of the orbital cavity that’s surrounds most eyeballs, nerves and blood vessels.
surrounds lacrimal glands

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12
Q

what are some differences between dense regular and irregular connective tissue

A

dense regular: highly fibrous, closely packed bundles of collagen fibres, high tensile strength (binding bones together) and transparent

dense irregular: thicker and irregularly arranged, strength in all directions, useful for skin and certain internal organs

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13
Q

what is keratoconus

A

it is a condition caused by disorganised lamellae (misshapen cornea)

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14
Q

where are dense regular and irregular tissues function within the eyes

A

regular: found in the corneal stroma: arranged in 250 sheets (lamellae), parallel to corneal surface, fibres in each lamellae oriented same direction at 90 degrees to adjacent lamellae

irregular: found in sclera and maintains overall eye shape (offers resistance to variety of internal + external forces

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15
Q

what are some functions of epithelial tissue

A

protection
absorption
excretion
secretion
cleansing
lubrication

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16
Q

what is covering epithelial tissue

A

lines surfaces of outer body and inner organs. forms tight junctions between adjacent cells and highly innervated by sensory/motor nerve fibres

17
Q

what are the 3 types of epithelial tissues based on primary shapes and places they are found

A

squamous - flat and used as a protective layer and found in the cornea

cuboidal - cuboid shaped and found in the kidney

columnar - column likes lines found in the gallbladder

18
Q

what are the two types of epithelial classes based on number of layers and their characteristics

A

1- Simple: one layer, useful for substance exchange, basal surface of cornea and allows nutrients in and waste out

2- Stratified: multiple layers, protection, found in areas subject to abrasion and usually squamous (corneal epithelium)

19
Q

what are the two types of stratified?

A

pseudo-stratified: stratified appearance but are actually simple and resting on a base membrane (trachea)

transitional: shape isn’t constant, round when organ is relaxed and flatten when distended (bladder)

20
Q

what is keratinised epithelia

A

for example in the skin which is composed of dead squamous cells filled with keratin which replaces normal cytoplasm of calls
form white cysts called milia when trapped deposits

21
Q

what is the use of melanin in the eye

A

absorbs stray light and improves image quality and mostly foudn in the choroid and retina

22
Q

what are the 3 main types of cellular composition

A

serous - watery substance containing proteins (saliva)
mucous - thick and sticky substance (larynx)
sebaceous - oily substance (armpit sweat)

23
Q

what are the 3 layers of the tear film and what glands produce them

A

mucous - goblet cells
serous - lacrimal
sebaceous- meibomian

24
Q

what are exocrine glands

A

secrete product onto the epithelial surface through a series of connecting cells which form a duct (sweat onto skin)

25
Q

what are further classifications of secretory units

A

tubular - if units form a tube
alveolar - if units form small hollow cavity
tubuloalveolar - mix of both

26
Q

what are the 3 methods of secretion

A

merocrine - product released via exocytosis (sweat/salivary glands)
holocrine - cell ruptures to release product (sebaceous skin gland)
apocrine - rip of cell sheds and repairs cell damage

27
Q

what is the difference between integral and peripheral proteins

A

integral - act as gates for transporting molecules in/out

peripheral - often attached to integral proteins and an act as subsidiary proteins to help open/close the membrane

28
Q

what are some functions of membrane proteins

A

transport
enzyme activity
intercellular joining
cell recognition
attaches cytoskeleton and extra cellular matrix

29
Q

what are the methods of cells joining together

A
  • sticky glycoproteins on cell surface
  • mechanical junctions (indents in the plasma membrane)
  • specialised cell junctions
30
Q

what are the 3 types of specialised cell-cell junctions

A

1)occluding junctions - adjacent proteins in opposing plasma membranes fuse
2) anchoring junctions - bonding between cadherins (desmosomes make sure cells aren’t ripped apart)
3)GAP junctions - proteins from adjacent cells cause plasma membranes to fuse but have channels between them (connexons)

31
Q

what are the 3 types of desmosomes found in cardiac cells

A

1) Belt - ring of desmosomes around the circumference of the cell
2) Spot - individual little areas (spots) of desmosomes
3) Hemi - only links membrane to cytoplasm (not adjacent cells)

biomed (3 decks)

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