WEEK 1 Flashcards
Empirical methods?
Inquiry approaches attuned to measurement and observation.
Anecdotal evidence?
Biased evidence typically drawn from personal experience (supports correct or incorrect conclusion)
Causality
The determination that one variable causes - is responsible for - an effect
Correlation
Measure of relatedness to 2+ variables
Deductive reasoning?
A form of reasoning in which a given premise determines interpretation of specific observations.
Induction?
Draw general conclusions from specific observations.
Inductive reasoning?
A form of reasoning in which a general conclusion is inferred from a set of observations.
Null-hypothesis significance testing (NHST)?
A test created to determine the chances that an alternative hypothesis would produce a result as extreme as the one observed if the null hypothesis were actually true.
Objective?
Being free of personal bias.
Pseudoscience?
Beliefs or practices presented as being scientific, or which are mistaken for being scientific, but which are not scientific.
Type I Error?
The error of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true.
Type II Error?
The error of failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false.
Behaviourism?
The study of behaviour.
Cognitive psychology?
The study of mental processes.
Consciousness?
Awareness of ourselves and our environment.
Empiricism?
The belief that knowledge comes from experience.
Eugenics?
The practise of selective breeding to promote desired traits.
Flashbulb memory?
Highly detailed and vivid memory of an emotionally significant event.
Functionalism?
A school of American Psychology that focused on utility of consciousness.
Gestalt psychology?
An attempt to study the unity of experience.
Individual differences?
Ways people differ in terms of behaviour, emotion, cognition, development.
Introspection?
A method of focusing on internal processes.
Neural impulse?
An electro-chemical signal that enables neurons to communicate.
Practitioner-Scholar Model?
A model of training of professional psychologists that emphasizes clinical practise.
Psychophysics?
The study of relationships between physical stimuli and the perception of those stimuli.
Realism?
A POV that emphasizes the importance of senses in providing knowledge of the external world.
Scientist-practitioner model?
A model of training. Of professional psychologists that emphasizes the development of both research and clinical skills.
Structuralism?
A school of American Psychology that sought to describe the elements of conscious experience.
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?
The inability to pull a word from memory even though there is sensation that the word is available.
