week 1 Flashcards
connective tissues and intro to movement
intro to movement anatomical terminology
anterior
facing the front
posterior
dating the back
medial
closer to the mid section
lateral
further from the mid section
deep
more inside
superficial
further away inside
superior
at the top
inferior
at the bottom
proximal
closer to the trunk
distal
further from the trunk
unilateral
one sided
bilateral
both sides eg using two legs
ipsilateral
same sides eg right arm and right leg
contralateral
opposite side right arm left leg
anatomical position
standing straight arms sides in a frontal position and thumbs should be positioned laterally
INTRO TO MOVEMENT: PLANES OF MOVEMENT
what is anatomical planes
imaginary 2D surfaces passing through the body
what are the three planes of movement
frontal plane
saggital plane
transverse plane
what’s the frontal plane
SNOW ANGEL MOVEMENTS
two movements of frontal plane and describe them
- abduction- movement away from the midline eg arms out
- adduction movement into the mid line eg arms that are out going back in
what is the saggital plane
divides body into left and right parts BACKWARDS AND FORWARDS
what are the 2 saggital plane movements and describe the movements
- extension- moving backwards
- flexion- moving forwards
what is the transverse plane
divides body into upper and lower parts ROTATION MOVEMENTS
what are the 2 movements used to describe transverse movements
- lateral rotation- rotation of body outwards
- internal rotation - rotation of body inwards
INTRO TO MOVEMENT : AXES OF ROTATION
difference between planes of axes and axes of rotation
planes is more like 2d surfaces whereas axes are more like lines running at right angles to show body rotate or spin
3 axes of rotation and describe
- horizontal (needle going through elbow midsection and coming out other elbow)
- vertical (like Donner on a stick)
- anterioposterior aka saggiato (a spear going through your stomach )
CONNECTIVE TISSUE INTRO
connective tissue
most abundant and widely distributed tissue
3 functions of connective tissue
1.bind and support eg.ligaments&bones
2.protect and insulate eg. fat around organs
3.transport nutrients eg.blood
2 types of cells involved in connective tissues and their functions
- blasts- immature cells and SECRETE matrix
- clasts- mature cells and they MAINTAIN the matrix
matrix
consists of protein fibres and sits on the ground substance
feature of ground substance
amphorus fluid composed of proteoglycans (protein w a chain of polysaccharides)
3 purpose of ground substance
-support cells
-bind cells
-medium for substance exchange between blood and cells
2 types of protein fibres and their functions
elastic- flexibility
collagen- gives strength
4 features of collagen fibres
-consist of protein collagen
-very tough and resistant to tension
-arranged in bundles giving great strength
-allows flexibility cuz its not taut
2 features of elastic fibres
- made of elastin protein
-can be stretched 150% of relaxed breaking strength w/o breaking
CONNECTIVE TISSUE BONES
what is bone made out of
osseous tissue which is made out of collagen and hard mineral
2 types of bones
- cancellous/spongey (light and strong)
- compact (dense and tough)
(spongey inside compact)
structure of long bone
cylindrical shape w enlarged ends that have spongey bone filled in
diaphysis
shaft of long bone that makes up length surrounding medullar cavity
epiphysis
2 ends of bone covered in articular//hyaline cartilage filled w spongy
epiphyseal line//plate
in-between epiphysis and diaphysis where growth takes place
what makes up 80%of body bone mass
compact bone
structure of compact bone
large number of parallel tubes called osteons
structure pf osteons
made up of a central canal surrounded by a series of expanding rings
harvesian canal
in the middle of the osteoblasts and contain blood vessels and nerves
perforating canals
the link between the harvesian canal and other canals
what is the lamellae of the bone
lots of cylindrical plates arranged around the bone
lacunae
next to osteon & contains the osteocyte
4 features for microstructure of spongey bone
-contains osteocytes within lacunae but not in concentric circles like compact bone
-consists of trabecullae(spongy//porous) arranged within rods and plates
-spaces in between spongey contain red bone marrow
-blood vessels within spongy tissue deliver nutrients to osteocytes and to remove waste
osteogenesis
formation of bone tissue
development of long bones
-osteoblasts secrete osteogenesis gradually replacing cartilage model
-Ca & PO4 salts deposited thru cartilaginous osteogenesis hence calcifying bone and making it harder
remodelling
constant bone turnover done by osteoblasts and osteoclasts
what type of bone remodels faster than others
bone under mire stress
wolfs law
idea that bone density changes in response to the force on bones
6 functions of skeleton
-protection of organs and soft tissue
-movement acts as levers
-production of blood cells from bone marrow
-storage of minerals, minerals released in blood when needed
-endocrine regulation secrets hormones
support keeping body upright
2 parts of the skeleton
axial
appendicular
5 axial parts
main trunk, skull, vertical spine column, sternum and ribs
appendicular bones
sticking out bones eg arms and legs
structure and function of skull
struc- 22 bones,8 cranial, 14 facial
function-protect brain and provide framework for teeth
what is the vertebral column made up of what is it interconnected by
made up of: individual vertebrae
interconnected by:cartilaginous inter verbal disverbal column
what is vertebral column divided up into
-7 cervical
-12 thoracic
-5 lumbar
-5 sacrum
-3-5 coccyx
function of vertebral column
protect spinal cord and structural support to head// maintain posture
what bones does the thoraic cage consist of
12 pairs (1-7 are true they’re attached, 8-12 false cuz not directly attached, 11-12 floating as they’re not attached to sternum)
what bones does shoulder girdle consist of
clavicle, scapula, arms attached to shoulder girdle
what bones do the arms consist of
humorous, forearms, attached to wrist bones
what bones are the forearms consisted of and describe portion anatomically
radius- lateral
alma- medial
what bones do the hands consist of and number how many are present and where are they present
- carpal 8, wrist
-metacarpal 5, palm
-phalanges 3, fingers
bones that consist of the phalanges
proximal
intermediat and distal
which phalanges does the thumb consist of
proximal and intermediate
name the 8 carpal bones
-hamate
-trapezium
-pisiform
-lunate
-trapezoid
-capitate
-triqeutrum
-scaphoid
what is the pelvic girdle attached to
-sacrum and legs
what bones do the legs consist of
-femur (thigh bone )
-tibia (shin bone)
-fibula (adjacent to tibia)
-patella (knee cap)
tarsal bones of foot
- cuneiform 3
-cuboid
-navicular
-talus
-calcaneus
how many metatarsels does foot have
5
number the phalanges present in the toes
big toe 2
rest 3
5 diff types of bones
flat
sesamoid
long
irregular
short
function of flat
provide protection and attachment to muscles
sesamoid function
protect tendons from stress and wear
long function
support weight of body/ facilitate movement
irregular function
help protect specific organs
short function
provide stability and allow movement
what are joints
where bones come together
what’s a functional classification of a joint
based on amount of movement available between bones that meet
3 types of functional joints
-synarthroses
-amphiarthroses
-diarthroses
describe synarthroses
immoveable, very strong union between two bones that meet
describe amphiarthroses
slightly moveable, allows a large range of movement
describe diarthroses
freely moveable
what’s does structural classification of joints mean
describes how two meeting bones are connected
fibrous joint
adjacent bones strongly united by fibrous connective tissue
3 types of fibrous dense connective tissue
-suture
-gomphosis
-syndesmosis
suture joint
fibrous joint that permits no movement
gomphosis joint
fibrous joint where peg fits into socket & held in place by a fibrous span dell ligament
syndesmosis joints
joints united by a larger amount of fibrous tissue by a ligament or an internal interaction membrane
what cartilaginous joint
joint that’s joined by fibro or hyaline cartilage
synchondrosis joint
joint where bones are united by a continuous layer hyaline cartilage, no movement
symphysis joint
the surface of where two bones meet are covered by hyaline cartilage this allows little movement
what’s the synovial joint
joint found between bones that move against each other
structural features of synovial joint
-surface of where two bones meet are covered in hyaline cartilage which is hard and smooth, thus bone moves w min friction.
-fibrous joint capsule attaches away from the margin of where two bones meet & strengthened by ligaments & muscles that cross joint
-deep surface of capsule lined by synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid into joint cavity thus synovial fluid able to nourish and luvricate articular cartilage
stable joints allow…
little or no moves,ent
least stable joints allow…
most movement
what’s the term for specific movement of joint surfaces
joint arthrokinematics
three movements which underline basic joint movements
spin, roll and glide
CONNECTIVE TISSUE CARTILAGE AND DENSE
3 types of cartilage
-hyaline cartilage eg ends of bones
-fibrocartilage eg discs of spine
-elastic cartilage eg ears
features of hyaline cartilage
covers articular surfaces at joints
roles of hyaline cartilage
reduces friction and absorbs shock
cell that makes hyaline cartilage
chondrocytes
features of hyaline cartilages grand substance
resilient gel and fine collagen fibres
3 features of fibrocartilage
-forms discs and rings between joints
-great strength // some elasticity
-can resist considerable pressure
matrix of fibrocartilage features
bundles of thick collagen fibres which give strength
3 types of dense connective tissue
-dense regular eg ligament and tendon
-dense irregular eg joint capsule
-elastic eg lungs
function of dense regular connective tissue
provides strong attachment to structures in a singular attachment
cell of dense regular and irregular connective tissue
fibroblasts
3 features of dense regular connective tissues matrix
- collagen fibres in parallel bundles
- a few elastin fibres
- great tensile strength hence resistance from pulling in one direction
3 function of ligaments
attach bone to bone
stabilise joints
restrict excessive motion
tendon description and function
description : attaches muscle to bone
function ; transmit tensile (force) loads
dense irregular connective tissue function
provides strength in multiple directions
eg. joint capsule/ deep fascia
3 features of matrix of dense irregular connective tissue
-collagen fibres randomly arranged
-a few elastin fibres
-strong in multiple directions
deep fascia
sheet of connective tissue surrounding & protecting muscles
diff between metric or irregular and regular dense C.T.
for regular it is strong in one direction whereas irregular its strong in all directions
in regular collagen fibres arranged parallel whereas irregular collagen fibres are randomly arranged
joint capsule
envelope surrounding synovial joint
