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Functional Anatomy > week 1 > Flashcards

week 1 Flashcards

connective tissues and intro to movement

1
Q

intro to movement anatomical terminology

A
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2
Q

anterior

A

facing the front

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3
Q

posterior

A

dating the back

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4
Q

medial

A

closer to the mid section

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5
Q

lateral

A

further from the mid section

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6
Q

deep

A

more inside

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7
Q

superficial

A

further away inside

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8
Q

superior

A

at the top

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9
Q

inferior

A

at the bottom

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10
Q

proximal

A

closer to the trunk

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11
Q

distal

A

further from the trunk

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12
Q

unilateral

A

one sided

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13
Q

bilateral

A

both sides eg using two legs

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14
Q

ipsilateral

A

same sides eg right arm and right leg

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15
Q

contralateral

A

opposite side right arm left leg

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16
Q

anatomical position

A

standing straight arms sides in a frontal position and thumbs should be positioned laterally

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17
Q

INTRO TO MOVEMENT: PLANES OF MOVEMENT

A
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18
Q

what is anatomical planes

A

imaginary 2D surfaces passing through the body

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19
Q

what are the three planes of movement

A

frontal plane
saggital plane
transverse plane

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20
Q

what’s the frontal plane

A

SNOW ANGEL MOVEMENTS

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21
Q

two movements of frontal plane and describe them

A
  1. abduction- movement away from the midline eg arms out
  2. adduction movement into the mid line eg arms that are out going back in
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22
Q

what is the saggital plane

A

divides body into left and right parts BACKWARDS AND FORWARDS

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23
Q

what are the 2 saggital plane movements and describe the movements

A
  1. extension- moving backwards
  2. flexion- moving forwards
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24
Q

what is the transverse plane

A

divides body into upper and lower parts ROTATION MOVEMENTS

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25
Q

what are the 2 movements used to describe transverse movements

A
  1. lateral rotation- rotation of body outwards
  2. internal rotation - rotation of body inwards
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26
Q

INTRO TO MOVEMENT : AXES OF ROTATION

A
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27
Q

difference between planes of axes and axes of rotation

A

planes is more like 2d surfaces whereas axes are more like lines running at right angles to show body rotate or spin

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28
Q

3 axes of rotation and describe

A
  1. horizontal (needle going through elbow midsection and coming out other elbow)
  2. vertical (like Donner on a stick)
  3. anterioposterior aka saggiato (a spear going through your stomach )
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29
Q

CONNECTIVE TISSUE INTRO

A
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30
Q

connective tissue

A

most abundant and widely distributed tissue

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31
Q

3 functions of connective tissue

A

1.bind and support eg.ligaments&bones
2.protect and insulate eg. fat around organs
3.transport nutrients eg.blood

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32
Q

2 types of cells involved in connective tissues and their functions

A
  1. blasts- immature cells and SECRETE matrix
  2. clasts- mature cells and they MAINTAIN the matrix
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33
Q

matrix

A

consists of protein fibres and sits on the ground substance

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34
Q

feature of ground substance

A

amphorus fluid composed of proteoglycans (protein w a chain of polysaccharides)

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35
Q

3 purpose of ground substance

A

-support cells
-bind cells
-medium for substance exchange between blood and cells

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36
Q

2 types of protein fibres and their functions

A

elastic- flexibility
collagen- gives strength

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37
Q

4 features of collagen fibres

A

-consist of protein collagen
-very tough and resistant to tension
-arranged in bundles giving great strength
-allows flexibility cuz its not taut

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38
Q

2 features of elastic fibres

A
  • made of elastin protein
    -can be stretched 150% of relaxed breaking strength w/o breaking
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39
Q

CONNECTIVE TISSUE BONES

A
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40
Q

what is bone made out of

A

osseous tissue which is made out of collagen and hard mineral

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41
Q

2 types of bones

A
  1. cancellous/spongey (light and strong)
  2. compact (dense and tough)

(spongey inside compact)

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42
Q

structure of long bone

A

cylindrical shape w enlarged ends that have spongey bone filled in

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43
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft of long bone that makes up length surrounding medullar cavity

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44
Q

epiphysis

A

2 ends of bone covered in articular//hyaline cartilage filled w spongy

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45
Q

epiphyseal line//plate

A

in-between epiphysis and diaphysis where growth takes place

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46
Q

what makes up 80%of body bone mass

A

compact bone

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47
Q

structure of compact bone

A

large number of parallel tubes called osteons

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48
Q

structure pf osteons

A

made up of a central canal surrounded by a series of expanding rings

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49
Q

harvesian canal

A

in the middle of the osteoblasts and contain blood vessels and nerves

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50
Q

perforating canals

A

the link between the harvesian canal and other canals

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51
Q

what is the lamellae of the bone

A

lots of cylindrical plates arranged around the bone

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52
Q

lacunae

A

next to osteon & contains the osteocyte

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53
Q

4 features for microstructure of spongey bone

A

-contains osteocytes within lacunae but not in concentric circles like compact bone
-consists of trabecullae(spongy//porous) arranged within rods and plates
-spaces in between spongey contain red bone marrow
-blood vessels within spongy tissue deliver nutrients to osteocytes and to remove waste

54
Q

osteogenesis

A

formation of bone tissue

55
Q

development of long bones

A

-osteoblasts secrete osteogenesis gradually replacing cartilage model
-Ca & PO4 salts deposited thru cartilaginous osteogenesis hence calcifying bone and making it harder

56
Q

remodelling

A

constant bone turnover done by osteoblasts and osteoclasts

57
Q

what type of bone remodels faster than others

A

bone under mire stress

58
Q

wolfs law

A

idea that bone density changes in response to the force on bones

59
Q

6 functions of skeleton

A

-protection of organs and soft tissue
-movement acts as levers
-production of blood cells from bone marrow
-storage of minerals, minerals released in blood when needed
-endocrine regulation secrets hormones
support keeping body upright

60
Q

2 parts of the skeleton

A

axial
appendicular

61
Q

5 axial parts

A

main trunk, skull, vertical spine column, sternum and ribs

62
Q

appendicular bones

A

sticking out bones eg arms and legs

63
Q

structure and function of skull

A

struc- 22 bones,8 cranial, 14 facial
function-protect brain and provide framework for teeth

64
Q

what is the vertebral column made up of what is it interconnected by

A

made up of: individual vertebrae
interconnected by:cartilaginous inter verbal disverbal column

65
Q

what is vertebral column divided up into

A

-7 cervical
-12 thoracic
-5 lumbar
-5 sacrum
-3-5 coccyx

66
Q

function of vertebral column

A

protect spinal cord and structural support to head// maintain posture

67
Q

what bones does the thoraic cage consist of

A

12 pairs (1-7 are true they’re attached, 8-12 false cuz not directly attached, 11-12 floating as they’re not attached to sternum)

68
Q

what bones does shoulder girdle consist of

A

clavicle, scapula, arms attached to shoulder girdle

69
Q

what bones do the arms consist of

A

humorous, forearms, attached to wrist bones

70
Q

what bones are the forearms consisted of and describe portion anatomically

A

radius- lateral
alma- medial

71
Q

what bones do the hands consist of and number how many are present and where are they present

A
  • carpal 8, wrist
    -metacarpal 5, palm
    -phalanges 3, fingers
72
Q

bones that consist of the phalanges

A

proximal
intermediat and distal

73
Q

which phalanges does the thumb consist of

A

proximal and intermediate

74
Q

name the 8 carpal bones

A

-hamate
-trapezium
-pisiform
-lunate
-trapezoid
-capitate
-triqeutrum
-scaphoid

75
Q

what is the pelvic girdle attached to

A

-sacrum and legs

76
Q

what bones do the legs consist of

A

-femur (thigh bone )
-tibia (shin bone)
-fibula (adjacent to tibia)
-patella (knee cap)

77
Q

tarsal bones of foot

A
  • cuneiform 3
    -cuboid
    -navicular
    -talus
    -calcaneus
78
Q

how many metatarsels does foot have

A

5

79
Q

number the phalanges present in the toes

A

big toe 2
rest 3

80
Q

5 diff types of bones

A

flat
sesamoid
long
irregular
short

81
Q

function of flat

A

provide protection and attachment to muscles

82
Q

sesamoid function

A

protect tendons from stress and wear

83
Q

long function

A

support weight of body/ facilitate movement

84
Q

irregular function

A

help protect specific organs

85
Q

short function

A

provide stability and allow movement

86
Q

what are joints

A

where bones come together

87
Q

what’s a functional classification of a joint

A

based on amount of movement available between bones that meet

88
Q

3 types of functional joints

A

-synarthroses
-amphiarthroses
-diarthroses

89
Q

describe synarthroses

A

immoveable, very strong union between two bones that meet

90
Q

describe amphiarthroses

A

slightly moveable, allows a large range of movement

91
Q

describe diarthroses

A

freely moveable

92
Q

what’s does structural classification of joints mean

A

describes how two meeting bones are connected

93
Q

fibrous joint

A

adjacent bones strongly united by fibrous connective tissue

94
Q

3 types of fibrous dense connective tissue

A

-suture
-gomphosis
-syndesmosis

95
Q

suture joint

A

fibrous joint that permits no movement

96
Q

gomphosis joint

A

fibrous joint where peg fits into socket & held in place by a fibrous span dell ligament

97
Q

syndesmosis joints

A

joints united by a larger amount of fibrous tissue by a ligament or an internal interaction membrane

98
Q

what cartilaginous joint

A

joint that’s joined by fibro or hyaline cartilage

99
Q

synchondrosis joint

A

joint where bones are united by a continuous layer hyaline cartilage, no movement

100
Q

symphysis joint

A

the surface of where two bones meet are covered by hyaline cartilage this allows little movement

101
Q

what’s the synovial joint

A

joint found between bones that move against each other

102
Q

structural features of synovial joint

A

-surface of where two bones meet are covered in hyaline cartilage which is hard and smooth, thus bone moves w min friction.
-fibrous joint capsule attaches away from the margin of where two bones meet & strengthened by ligaments & muscles that cross joint
-deep surface of capsule lined by synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid into joint cavity thus synovial fluid able to nourish and luvricate articular cartilage

103
Q

stable joints allow…

A

little or no moves,ent

104
Q

least stable joints allow…

A

most movement

105
Q

what’s the term for specific movement of joint surfaces

A

joint arthrokinematics

106
Q

three movements which underline basic joint movements

A

spin, roll and glide

107
Q

CONNECTIVE TISSUE CARTILAGE AND DENSE

A
108
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

-hyaline cartilage eg ends of bones
-fibrocartilage eg discs of spine
-elastic cartilage eg ears

109
Q

features of hyaline cartilage

A

covers articular surfaces at joints

110
Q

roles of hyaline cartilage

A

reduces friction and absorbs shock

111
Q

cell that makes hyaline cartilage

A

chondrocytes

112
Q

features of hyaline cartilages grand substance

A

resilient gel and fine collagen fibres

112
Q

3 features of fibrocartilage

A

-forms discs and rings between joints
-great strength // some elasticity
-can resist considerable pressure

113
Q

matrix of fibrocartilage features

A

bundles of thick collagen fibres which give strength

114
Q

3 types of dense connective tissue

A

-dense regular eg ligament and tendon
-dense irregular eg joint capsule
-elastic eg lungs

115
Q

function of dense regular connective tissue

A

provides strong attachment to structures in a singular attachment

115
Q

cell of dense regular and irregular connective tissue

A

fibroblasts

115
Q

3 features of dense regular connective tissues matrix

A
  1. collagen fibres in parallel bundles
  2. a few elastin fibres
  3. great tensile strength hence resistance from pulling in one direction
116
Q

3 function of ligaments

A

attach bone to bone
stabilise joints
restrict excessive motion

117
Q

tendon description and function

A

description : attaches muscle to bone
function ; transmit tensile (force) loads

118
Q

dense irregular connective tissue function

A

provides strength in multiple directions
eg. joint capsule/ deep fascia

119
Q

3 features of matrix of dense irregular connective tissue

A

-collagen fibres randomly arranged
-a few elastin fibres
-strong in multiple directions

120
Q

deep fascia

A

sheet of connective tissue surrounding & protecting muscles

120
Q

diff between metric or irregular and regular dense C.T.

A

for regular it is strong in one direction whereas irregular its strong in all directions
in regular collagen fibres arranged parallel whereas irregular collagen fibres are randomly arranged

121
Q

joint capsule

A

envelope surrounding synovial joint

122
Q
A
123
Q
A
124
Q
A
125
Q
A
126
Q
A

Functional Anatomy (2 decks)

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