Week 1 Flashcards
What is diagnostic ultrasound?
The use of high frequency sound waves to view and assess structures and organs within the body
What did Archytas observe?
He observed the pitch relating to the movement of vibrating air
What did Boethius compare?
He compared sound waves to ripples of water
What relationship did Pythagoras describe?
The relationship between sound frequency produced by a plucked string, and the tension, length and mass of string
What did Leaonardo Da Vinci discover?
That sound travels in waves and that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection
What did Galileo Galilei discover?
Started the study of modern acoustics through study of vibrations. He determined that the frequency of sound waves determines the pitch
What did Isaac Newton do?
Studies speed of sound through air
What is the Doppler effect?
The apparent change in frequency and wavelength of a wave as perceived by an observer moving relative to the waves source
What does SONAR stand for?
Sound Navigation And Ranging
What is SONAR?
A way to detect underwater objects using the properties of echoing sound waves
What is A mode?
Describes acoustic waves as acoustic image
What did George Ludwig discover?
First to develop A mode ultrasound equipment. Discovered the speed of sound in soft tissue
What did Douglas Howry develop?
His own pulse/echo scanner
What did John Wild do?
Discovered potential in echo/return application in medicine. Built first Linear B mode instrument
What did William Fry introduce?
The use of computers into ultrasound
What are some of the B-mode advance? (3 points)
A 2D B-mode linear compound scanner was developed.
Using the immersion tank ultrasound system improved imagine
Went on to develop the bistable display
What is the Bistable display?
2D image displayed in black and white
What happened in 1959 in Sydney?
The grey scale was developed in 1969
Prolific research occurred into obstetric applications of diagnostic ultrasound
What 3 facts are there about the first fast B mode scanner?
Invented the first real time scanner
Manufactured by Simmons and called “Vidoscan”
Used rotating transducers
In 1973 Martin Wilcox…
Produced the first commercially available real time linear array scanner
When were static systems phased out by?
Mid 1980’s
When were 3/4D images introduced?
2000’s
What did Donald Baker introduce?
A pulse Doppler system (1970)
What is the welfare model?
Public healthcare
Social right to health
What is the market model?
Private health
Individual right to choice
What are the 3 tiers of the Australian Health Care System? briefly explain them
Primary - first contact, no referral required
Secondary - referral required
Tertiary - typically hospital
What are the Government Responsibilites > Local
Vaccination clinics
Sanitation
Local maternal and child services
Homecare for the homebound
What are the government responsibilites - State
Hospitals
Ambulance services
Public dental clinics
Breast cancer screening programs
What are the Government Responsibilites - Federal
Medical benefits scheme (MBS) - Medicare
Pharmaceutical benefits scheme (PBS)
National health and medical research council (NHMRC)
Policy for national health
What are some NGO’s
Australian Red Cross
Care
Family planning NSW
Royal australiasian college of surgeons
Surfaid
What is DIAS and where would you find it?
Diagnostic imaging accreditation scheme.
Medicare, category 5 group 11
Rebate system - out of pocket formula
Cost - benefit = out of pocket
What is medical imaging?
Imaging the body for diagnostic purposes in the medical setting
Can be purely diagnostic, incorporated into interventional procedures or therapeutic
What are the 2 medical imaging modalities?
Ionising radiation
Non ionising radiation
What imaging falls under the category ionising radiation?
Conventional radiography (X-ray)
Computed tomography (CT)
Nuclear medicine
Fluoroscopy
Mammography
What imaging falls under the category non-ionising?
Ultrasound
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
What is ionising radiation?
Radiation that has enough energy to cause an atom to become charged or ionised (lose and electron)
2 facts about Conventional radiography (X-ray)
First medical imaging modality
Discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen
What is an X-ray also known as?
Radiograph
On an X-ray tissues are what?
Radiolucent - appears darker, less attenuation
Radioplaque - appears whiter, more attenuation
What imaging procedure is fluoroscopy used in?
X ray
What are 2 things involved in fluoroscopy?
It uses contrast media for increased diagnostic value
Is real time imaging
What is mammography?
Radiography (X-ray) of breast using lower energy
What is computed tomography?
A rotating X-ray tube
Creates slices which can be reconstructed into 3D images
High dose of radiation
What is nuclear medicine?
Functional imaging
Energy source is radioisotope which is attached to a pharmaceutical (radiopharmaceutical) and given orally, injected or inhaled
Distributes to certain area of body
What does an MRI do?
Uses the fact that the body is made up mostly of hydrogen atoms and uses the proton in atoms to produce an image
Produces tomographic image
Uses interaction of strong magnetic fields and radio waves to create images
Non ionising but many safety issues associated
How does ultrasound work?
Uses a transducer which emits high frequency sound waves and uses their returning echos to image soft tissue structures of the body
Components of ultrasound
Fast, inexpensive, user dependant, no ionising radiation, real time, comfortable, portable
Good visualisation of soft tissue structures
Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of blood flow with Doppler
Can’t see through bone or air structures
Who should I make friends with?
Everyone!
