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Fundamentals Of Ultrasound Practice > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is diagnostic ultrasound?

A

The use of high frequency sound waves to view and assess structures and organs within the body

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2
Q

What did Archytas observe?

A

He observed the pitch relating to the movement of vibrating air

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3
Q

What did Boethius compare?

A

He compared sound waves to ripples of water

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4
Q

What relationship did Pythagoras describe?

A

The relationship between sound frequency produced by a plucked string, and the tension, length and mass of string

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5
Q

What did Leaonardo Da Vinci discover?

A

That sound travels in waves and that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection

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6
Q

What did Galileo Galilei discover?

A

Started the study of modern acoustics through study of vibrations. He determined that the frequency of sound waves determines the pitch

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7
Q

What did Isaac Newton do?

A

Studies speed of sound through air

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8
Q

What is the Doppler effect?

A

The apparent change in frequency and wavelength of a wave as perceived by an observer moving relative to the waves source

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9
Q

What does SONAR stand for?

A

Sound Navigation And Ranging

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10
Q

What is SONAR?

A

A way to detect underwater objects using the properties of echoing sound waves

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11
Q

What is A mode?

A

Describes acoustic waves as acoustic image

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12
Q

What did George Ludwig discover?

A

First to develop A mode ultrasound equipment. Discovered the speed of sound in soft tissue

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13
Q

What did Douglas Howry develop?

A

His own pulse/echo scanner

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14
Q

What did John Wild do?

A

Discovered potential in echo/return application in medicine. Built first Linear B mode instrument

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15
Q

What did William Fry introduce?

A

The use of computers into ultrasound

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16
Q

What are some of the B-mode advance? (3 points)

A

A 2D B-mode linear compound scanner was developed.
Using the immersion tank ultrasound system improved imagine
Went on to develop the bistable display

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17
Q

What is the Bistable display?

A

2D image displayed in black and white

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18
Q

What happened in 1959 in Sydney?

A

The grey scale was developed in 1969
Prolific research occurred into obstetric applications of diagnostic ultrasound

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19
Q

What 3 facts are there about the first fast B mode scanner?

A

Invented the first real time scanner
Manufactured by Simmons and called “Vidoscan”
Used rotating transducers

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20
Q

In 1973 Martin Wilcox…

A

Produced the first commercially available real time linear array scanner

21
Q

When were static systems phased out by?

A

Mid 1980’s

22
Q

When were 3/4D images introduced?

A

2000’s

23
Q

What did Donald Baker introduce?

A

A pulse Doppler system (1970)

24
Q

What is the welfare model?

A

Public healthcare
Social right to health

25
Q

What is the market model?

A

Private health
Individual right to choice

26
Q

What are the 3 tiers of the Australian Health Care System? briefly explain them

A

Primary - first contact, no referral required
Secondary - referral required
Tertiary - typically hospital

27
Q

What are the Government Responsibilites > Local

A

Vaccination clinics
Sanitation
Local maternal and child services
Homecare for the homebound

28
Q

What are the government responsibilites - State

A

Hospitals
Ambulance services
Public dental clinics
Breast cancer screening programs

29
Q

What are the Government Responsibilites - Federal

A

Medical benefits scheme (MBS) - Medicare
Pharmaceutical benefits scheme (PBS)
National health and medical research council (NHMRC)
Policy for national health

30
Q

What are some NGO’s

A

Australian Red Cross
Care
Family planning NSW
Royal australiasian college of surgeons
Surfaid

31
Q

What is DIAS and where would you find it?

A

Diagnostic imaging accreditation scheme.
Medicare, category 5 group 11

32
Q

Rebate system - out of pocket formula

A

Cost - benefit = out of pocket

33
Q

What is medical imaging?

A

Imaging the body for diagnostic purposes in the medical setting
Can be purely diagnostic, incorporated into interventional procedures or therapeutic

34
Q

What are the 2 medical imaging modalities?

A

Ionising radiation
Non ionising radiation

35
Q

What imaging falls under the category ionising radiation?

A

Conventional radiography (X-ray)
Computed tomography (CT)
Nuclear medicine
Fluoroscopy
Mammography

36
Q

What imaging falls under the category non-ionising?

A

Ultrasound
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

37
Q

What is ionising radiation?

A

Radiation that has enough energy to cause an atom to become charged or ionised (lose and electron)

38
Q

2 facts about Conventional radiography (X-ray)

A

First medical imaging modality
Discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen

39
Q

What is an X-ray also known as?

A

Radiograph

40
Q

On an X-ray tissues are what?

A

Radiolucent - appears darker, less attenuation
Radioplaque - appears whiter, more attenuation

41
Q

What imaging procedure is fluoroscopy used in?

A

X ray

42
Q

What are 2 things involved in fluoroscopy?

A

It uses contrast media for increased diagnostic value
Is real time imaging

43
Q

What is mammography?

A

Radiography (X-ray) of breast using lower energy

44
Q

What is computed tomography?

A

A rotating X-ray tube
Creates slices which can be reconstructed into 3D images
High dose of radiation

45
Q

What is nuclear medicine?

A

Functional imaging
Energy source is radioisotope which is attached to a pharmaceutical (radiopharmaceutical) and given orally, injected or inhaled
Distributes to certain area of body

46
Q

What does an MRI do?

A

Uses the fact that the body is made up mostly of hydrogen atoms and uses the proton in atoms to produce an image
Produces tomographic image
Uses interaction of strong magnetic fields and radio waves to create images

Non ionising but many safety issues associated

47
Q

How does ultrasound work?

A

Uses a transducer which emits high frequency sound waves and uses their returning echos to image soft tissue structures of the body

48
Q

Components of ultrasound

A

Fast, inexpensive, user dependant, no ionising radiation, real time, comfortable, portable
Good visualisation of soft tissue structures
Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of blood flow with Doppler
Can’t see through bone or air structures

49
Q

Who should I make friends with?

A

Everyone!

Fundamentals Of Ultrasound Practice (3 decks)

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