Week 1

Question 1

Functions of the nose

Answer 1

Respiration
Olfaction- sense of smell
Filtration of dust
Humidification of inspired air
Reception and elimination of secretions
Warmed air

Question 2

Nasal cavity

Answer 2

Two chambers- right and left
Floor of nasal cavity- maxilla- roof of oral cavity
Turbinates/ concha- bony projections inside nasal cavity from lateral wall, slows air down turbulence allows more time for treatment of air, filtration etc. moisten and warm air to body temperature when passing through nasal cavity
Superior, middle and inferior concha

Question 3

Skeletal structure of nasal cavity

Answer 3

Anterior nasal aperture: nasal bones, maxilla (left and right), perpendicular plate of ethmoid, vomer, middle concha and inferior concha
Posterior nasal aperture: vomer, medial pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone, palatine bone (floor of nasal cavity posteriorly)
Lateral wall-frontal bone, cribiform plate of ethmoid, sphenoid bone, superior, middle and inferior concha
Medial wall/nasal septum- nasal bone, septal cartilage, alar cartilage, vomer, perpendicular plate of ethmoid

Question 4

Which concha are part of ethmoid bone

Answer 4

Superior and middle concha

Question 5

Divisions of the nasal cavity

Answer 5

Vestibule
Respiratory region
Olfactory region

Question 6

Paranasal Sinuses

Answer 6

Frontal sinuses
Ethmoidal sinuses
Maxillary sinuses
Sphenoid sinuses
Sinuses lined with mucosa secrete mucus

Question 7

Spheno-ethmoidal recess

Answer 7

Drains posterior ethmoid cells and sphenoid sinuses into superior meatus

Question 8

Superior meatus drainage

Answer 8

Sphenoid sinuses
Posterior ethmoidal cells
Through the sphenoethmoidal recess

Question 9

Middle meatus drainage

Answer 9

Maxillary sinus- through semilunar hiatus
Frontal sinus, anterior ethmoidal cells- through frontonasal duct

Question 10

Inferior meatus drainage

Answer 10

Lacrimal secretions through the nasolacrimal duct
Why your nose runs when you cry

Question 11

Which sinuses are most prone to infection

Answer 11

Maxillary sinuses

Question 12

Kiesselbach’s area

Answer 12

Area prone to bleeds
Plexus
Branches of internal carotid artery: anterior ethmoidal artery and posterior ethmoidal artery
Branches of external carotid artery: sphenopalatine, greater palatine, superior labial artery, lateral nasal artery
Common carotid— external carotid— maxillary— 4 branches

Question 13

Arterial blood supply of nasal cavity

Answer 13

Anterior ethmoidal arteries
Posterior ethmoidal arteries
Greater palatine artery
Branches of sphenopalatine artery
Lateral nasal branches of facial artery

Question 14

Venous drainage of nasal cavity

Answer 14

Drainage to cavernous sinus
Drainage to facial vein
Drainage posteriorly to pterygoid venous plexus

Question 15

Nerve supply of nasal cavity

Answer 15

General sensation of nasal cavity is tirgeminal nerve
Special sense of smell is from olfactory nerve
Anterior and superior part of nasal cavity is opthalmic
Posterior and inferior part of nasal cavity is maxillary

Question 16

What are the 3 sections of pharynx

Answer 16

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

Question 17

Nasopharynx

Answer 17

Posterior to nasal cavity
Superior to soft palate
Pharyngotympanic tube
Pharyngeal tonsil
Salpingopharyngeal fold

Question 18

Oropharynx

Answer 18

Inferior to soft palate
Superior to base of tongue
Medial to palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches
Between the 2 arches is the palatine tonsil

Question 19

Waldeyer’s ring

Answer 19

Ring of lymphoid tissue in the pharynx
Adenoid(pharyngeal tonsil), tubal tonsil, Palatine tonsil, lingual tonsil
Entrance of oropharynx
Provide first line of defence against pathogens that enter pharynx

Question 20

Laryngopharynx

Answer 20

Posterior to the larynx
from superior border of epiglottis to inferior border of cricoid cartilage
Narrows and becomes continuous with oesophagus

Question 21

what are the 3 constrictor muscles

Answer 21

Superior constrictor- attaches to the pharyngeal tubercle
Middle constrictor
Inferior constrictor
all insert into the pharyngeal raphe

Question 22

What is the pharyngeal tubercle

Answer 22

Bony protrusion on occipital bone

Question 23

What is the pharyngobasilar fascia

Answer 23

Attaches base of the skull to superior constrictor

Question 24

Superior constrictor

Answer 24

Posterior: pharyngeal raphe, pharyngeal tubercle (occipital bone)
Anterior: pterygoid hamulus, pterygomandibular raphe , mandible and side of tongue

Question 25

Middle constrictor

Answer 25

Posterior: Pharyngeal raphe,
Anterior: stylohyoid ligament, greater and lesser horns of hyoid bone

Question 26

Inferior constrictor

Answer 26

Posterior: pharyngeal raphe, encircles junction between pharynx and oesophagus
Anterior: oblique line of thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage

Question 27

Constrictor muscles innervation

Answer 27

Pharyngeal plexus- vagus nerve CNX, glossopharyngeal nerve CNIX
Provide motor innervation

Question 28

Longitudinal muscles

Answer 28

Stylopharyngeus - styloid process, thyroid cartilage
Salpingopharyngeus - cartilage of pharyngotympanic tube, unites with palatopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeus - hard palate and palatine aponeurosis, thyroid cartilage and oesophagus

Question 29

Longitudinal muscles innervation

Answer 29

Glossopharyngeal nerve CNIX motor innervation
Pharyngeal plexus, pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve CNX motor innervation
Stylopharyngeus CNIX
Palatopharyngeus and salpingopharyngeus CNX