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302 > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Stroke definition and pathophysiology

A
  • Acute onset of neurological deficit, lasting >24 hours with a vascular cause
  • Can be ischemic or haemorrhagic
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2
Q

Risk factors of strokes

A

Risk factors:

  • older age
  • Hypertension
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Increased blood lipid levels
  • Obesity
  • Smoking
  • Family history
  • Male gender
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3
Q

Impairments of strokes

A 
Primary: Sensori-motor
Negative
- Decreased strength
- Decreased coordination
- Decreased sensation
Positive
- Spasticity
- Dystonia

Primary: non-motor

  • Decreased vision
  • Decreased speech/language
  • Decreased perceptual function
  • Decreased cognitive function
  • Apraxia
  • Behaviour
  • Emotion

Secondary: motor

  • Decreased mm length/joint stiffness
  • Decreased fitness
  • Decreased strength
  • Learned non-use compensatory movements
  • Swelling
  • Pain
  • Shoulder subluxation
  • Soft tissue damage

Secondary non-motor

  • Depression
  • Fatigue
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4
Q

Dysarthria

A

Difficulty with articulation (motor problem)

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5
Q

Vision impairment terms

A

Hemianopia: loss of visual field on the side of the hemiplegia
Quadrantanopia: loss of a quadrant of the visual field

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6
Q

Aphasia/dysphasia

A

Difficulty with the spoken word (receptive, expressive, global)

Impairment of language

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7
Q

Dyspraxia/apraxia

A

Inability to plan/execute movements

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8
Q

Lability

A

excessive emotion

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9
Q

perception

A

ability to perceive and interpret sensory information

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10
Q

Agnosia

A

inability to recognise objects

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11
Q

Anterior circulation

A

The carotid system supplies most of the hemispheres and cortical deep white matter

Impairments:

  • Decreased strength
  • Decreased co-ordination
  • Decreased sensation
  • Spasticity
  • Decreased vision
  • Decreased speech/language
  • Decreased perceptual function
  • Decreased cognitive function
  • Apraxia
  • Behaviour
  • Emotion
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12
Q

Posterior circulation

A

The vertebro-basilar system supplies the brain stem, cerebellum and occipital lobes

Impairments

  • Decreased strength
  • Decreased coordination
  • Decreased sensation
  • Spasticity
  • Decreased vision

Higher cognitive functions tend to remain more intact (as it’s a more frontal and parietal lobe issue)

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13
Q

Dominant and non-dominant stroke

A

Most people have a dominant left hemisphere

Left hemisphere: language, analytical functions
Right hemisphere: awareness of body and visuo-spatial skills, attention

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14
Q

Anterior circulation stroke on dominant hemisphere impairments (L)

A

Primary:

  • Decreased strength (R)
  • Decreased co-ordination (R)
  • Decreased sensation (R)
  • Spasticity (R)
  • Decreased vision (R - common to be right hemianopia)
  • Decreased speech/language
  • Cognitive function
  • Apraxia
  • Behaviour
  • Emotion
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15
Q

Anterior circulation stroke on non-dominant hemisphere impairments (R)

A
  • Decreased strength (L)
  • Decreased coordination (L)
  • Decreased sensation (L)
  • Spasticity (L)
  • Decreased vision (L)
  • Perceptual function
  • Cognitive function
  • Behaviour
  • Emotion
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16
Q

Behaviour characteristics from strokes that may impact learning

A

Left sided stroke (right hemiplegia)

  • Good concentration
  • Slow movement time
  • Good performance
  • Good carryover effect
  • Realistic attitude
  • Mood can be depressed, anxious, frustrated, can be labile

Right sided stroke (left hemiplegia)

  • Poor/distractible
  • Impulsive
  • Erratic
  • Poor carryover effect
  • Unrealistic attitude
  • May appear unmotivated, can be labile
17
Q

Bamford classification

A
  • TACS = total anterior
  • PACS = partial anterior
  • LACS = lacunar
  • POCS = posterior

Code:

  • S = syndrome
  • I = infarct
  • H = haemorrhage
18
Q

TACS

A

Total anterior circulation stroke

All of the following three:

  • Hemiplegia +/- sensory loss
  • Hemianopia
  • Cortical signs (e.g. cognitive, perceptual, aphasia)

Most serve stroke

19
Q

PACS

A

Two of the following three…

  • Hemiplegia +/- sensory loss
  • Hemianopia
  • Cortical signs (e.g. cognitive, perceptual, aphasia)

OR
- Isolated cortical dysfunction

OR
- Pure motor or sensory signs less severe than lacunar

20
Q

LACS = lacunar

A
  • Hemiplegia +/- sensory loss - affecting at least 2/3 of face/arm/leg
  • No cortical signs
  • occlusion of deep perforating arteries
21
Q

POCS = posterior circulation stroke

A
  • Multitude of signs
  • Can include the following
    o Cranial nerve palsies
    o Ipsilateral or bilateral motor and/or sensory impairments
    o Eye movement disorders
    o Isolated hemianopia
    o Cerebellar deficits (ataxia)

302 (8 decks)

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