week 1 Flashcards
why is there a need for psychological science?
humans cannot reply soley on intution and common sense
source of intuition overestimation
higsight bias
overconfidence
tendency to percieve patterns i random events
scientific inquiry can help us shift reality from illusion
scientific method
scientific methos is the process of testing idedas about the world
if data does not fit our ideas, our ideas are modified and tested again
making careful, organized observations
analyzing whether the data fits with our ideas
theory
explanation using an integrated set of princples that organized observations and predicts behaviour or events
hypothesis
testable prediction, often impilied by a theory
operational defienation
carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study
operational defienation
carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study
replication
repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participates in different situations,, to see wheather the basic finding extends to other partipates and cirumstances
a good theory…
efficently organized
leads to clear predictions
often stimuulates researcj
may be replicated
simple explanation
testing hypthesisi and refining theories
description
correlation
causation
experiments
naturalistic observation
descriptive research is systematic, objective observation of people
it’s goal is to provide a clear, accurate picture of people behvaiours, thoughts and attributes
limiation: if the particupates will be ‘natural’
describes but does not explain
can be releaving
case study
examines on individual in depth
provides fruitful ideas
limitations: cannot be used to generalize conclusions
survey and interview
examine many cases in less depth
limiations: wording effect
random sampling
uses random sampling of the population for best results
correaltion
an observation that two traits or attriubes are realted to eachother
a measure of how cloesly two factors vary together, or how well you can predict a change in the other
poaitive correlation (0-1)
indicates a direct relationship: two things increase or decrease together
negitive correaltion (-1-0)
indicates an inverse realtionship : as one thing increases the other decreases
correaltion coefficent
provides a statisical measure of how cloesly two things vary together and how well one predicts the other
variable
includes anything that can vary and is feasible and ethincal
scatterplot
a graph of clustered dots, eachc of which represent the. values of two variables
correlation adn causation
no matter how strong the realtionship is, correaltion deos not prove causation
a correaltion coefficent helps to provide a clearer view fo the world by releaving the extend to which two things relate
illusory correlation
the perception of a relationship between two varibales when only a minor or no realtionship actually exists may be feed by regresssion towards mean
