Week 1

Question 1

Which diseases fall under CMD?

Answer 1

CHD, stroke, PAD, CKD, diabetes

Question 2

What are the underlying processes for all CMD?

Answer 2

Insulin resistance
Inflammation
Dyslipidaemia
Hypertension
Vascular dysfunction

Question 3

Explain the process of atherosclerosis

Answer 3

LDL causes the formation of fatty streaks in artery walls -> plaques
Macrophages in the plaques attach themselves to the damaged vessel wall and ingest LDL
Macrophage foam cells make the plaque grow and cause an inflammatory response
Fibrous tissue is added and calcium is deposited
Rupture of plaque -> embolus -> unstable angina, MI, cardiac arrest.

LDL
Fatty streaks
Plaques
Macrophages
Foam cells
Inflammatory response
Fibrous tissue
Calcium
Rupture

Let Foebe place my foam in fucking chocolate recipe

Question 4

What is the difference between a thrombus and an embolus?

Answer 4

A thrombus is still attached to an artery wall.

Question 5

What is CHD?

Answer 5

The build-up of plaque in the coronary arteries. Can be completely blocked or not completely blocked

Question 6

What is congestive heart failure?

Answer 6

The heart is too weak or stiff to pump. Often occurs after MI. Causes fluid build-up and tiredness.

Question 7

What is PAD? And what does it cause?

Answer 7

narrowing of peripheral arteries. Causing intermittent claudication (pain when walking).

Question 8

What is a thrombo-embolism? And what types do you have? What tissues?

Answer 8

A free-floating blood clot
In coronary artery: MI
In brain: ischemic stroke
In systemic vein -> lung -> pulmonary embolism

Question 9

What types of stroke do you have?

Answer 9

Ischemic; blocked artery due to thrombus
Embolic; blocked artery due to embolus from elsewhere
Haemorrhagic: ruptured vessel
TIA: mini-stroke < 24 h

Question 10

What are some clinical complications of diabetes?

Answer 10

Stroke, eye damage, peripheral neuropathy, CHD, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic foot

Question 11

What causes the effect of type 1 diabetes?

Answer 11

Destroyed beta cells -> no more insulin production

Question 12

What causes the effect of type 2 diabetes?

Answer 12

Not enough insulin or insulin resistance

Question 13

Which hypertension is the most important for CMD development?

Answer 13

Systolic BP (when the heart beats)

Question 14

What is the definition of hypertension?

Answer 14

BPP: > 140/90 mmHg or use of antihypertensive medication

Question 15

What are risk factors for CHD mortality?

Answer 15

BP (already at low values) and high total chol.

Question 16

What is a risk factor for stroke mortality?

Answer 16

BP (already at low values) but not total cholesterol

Question 17

What are the different causes in the causal pie model?

Answer 17

Necessary cause, sufficient cause and component cause

Question 18

What are two different prevention strategies for CVD?

Answer 18

Population approach; targeted at medium risk persons

High risk approach; identify and treat high risk persons

Question 19

What does the SCORE give?

Answer 19

Your risk of dying from CVD in the following 10 years

Question 20

What are the different stages in the progression of CMDs?

Answer 20

Healthy: able to adapt
Early change phase; can not adapt, small abnormalities, normal body function
Pre-clinical phase; elevated risk factors, irreversible changes in arterial walls
clinical phase; disease event or chronic illness