week 1

Question 1

Cmax

Answer 1

maximum (peak) plasma drug conc

Question 2

Tmax

Answer 2

time to reach Cmax

Question 3

when taking a drug you may go above minimum effective concentration

Answer 3

MEC. you get desired effect. eventually it will fall below the MEC. pharmacological benefit is gone, but some drug may still be there.

Question 4

minimum effective concentration for adverse reactions

Answer 4

drug acts on specific targets that are beneficial in some parts of the body and dangerous in others

Question 5

after multiple doses of a drug

Answer 5

The amount of drug administered exactly replaces the amount of drug eliminated. When this occurs the drug is said to be at steady state. show same peak every single time they take the dose. they dont have any remaining from previous dose. need 4-5 half lives to achieve steady state.

Question 6

steady state concentration, Css

Answer 6

Average concentration of steady state

Question 7

once absorption occurs,

Answer 7

the free drug has been able to pass into the plasma where it may encounter proteins to which it may bind or unbind in the blood. Sometimes these proteins have the ability to carry the drugs, sometimes they do not.

Question 8

unbound

Answer 8

drug can diffuse across other cell membranes and get through barriers and enter diff tissues more readily. has to interact with some sort of receptor.
one of the receptors may help to drive pharmacological benefit/efficacious benefit
another receptor may drive an undesirable side effect (toxicity)

Question 9

distribution

Answer 9

the drug will flow into diff tissues. The free drug may bind or unbind to diff factors in that tissue compartment.

Question 10

how fast can the body remove the active drug from circulation?

Answer 10

metabolism- drug remains in body but converted to another form
excretion - filtered in kidneys or excreted in bile and removed from body through poopies

Question 11

biopharmaceuticals

Answer 11

– Examines properties of the drug, dosage form, and route of administration on the rate and extent of systemic drug absorption
• stability
• release
• rate of dissolution
• systemic absorption
Goal
– develop drug products with optimal and predictable drug absorption characteristics

Question 12

pharmacokinetics

Answer 12

– science of quantifying the amount and time course of a drug within the body
– characterization of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME)
– “What the body does to the drug”
•Goal
– control the amount of drug exposure at the site of drug action (effect)

Question 13

pharmacodynamics

Answer 13

– the relationship between drug concentration at the site of activity (receptor) and effects (i.e. intensity and time course) including both efficacy and toxic
– “What the drug does to the body”
Goal
– control drug response by understanding the concentration effect relationship and establishing appropriate therapeutic targets

Question 14

important PD parameters

onset of action

Answer 14

mainly determined by rate of drug absorption, i.e. rapid absorption produces a short onset

Question 15

important PD parameters

duration of action

Answer 15

determined by rate of drug elimination, therefore drug with a short half-life may have a short duration of action

Question 16

important PD parameters

intensity (magnitude) of effect

Answer 16

often proportional to plasma drug concentration, i.e., Cmax and AUC

Question 17

the pharmacodynamic, for a desirable output is related to

Answer 17

the plasma concentration of the drug

Question 18

phenytoin

Answer 18

people with a lot of variability. extreme differences in pharmacokinetics bw patients. therapeutic drug monitoring is required

Question 19

experimental methods

Answer 19

• drug concentrations in biological samples are determined by analytical methods

Question 20

assays need to be

Answer 20

– sensitive- measure drug at low concentrations
– specific- distinguish drug from other interference
– precise- provide accuracy and reproducibility

Question 21

PK depends on sample measured

Answer 21

• drugs act on targets in tissues
• as a proxy for tissue concentration the following may be used
– plasma - whole blood has been obtained in the prescence of something that inhibits clotting. typically heparin, or edta
– serum (-clotting factors) - (allows blood to clot and then centrifuge it, removes RBC and WBC and clotting factors and any drug that is bound to the clotting factors)
– whole blood (RBCs, WBCs)
• drug in blood samples may be free or bound to proteins

Question 22

what are the applications for PK?

Answer 22

• design dosage regimen (how much, how often) that maximizes therapy while minimizes side effects
• clarifies the relationship bw therapeutic and toxic responses at different regimens
• adjust drug dosage regimen using therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)
• “Population Pharmacokinetics”
• establish bioequivalence i.e., to check whether different formulations will produce the same plasma drug concentrations or not, and therefore will produce similar therapeutic effects

Question 23

semi graph log paper

Answer 23

you never go to zero (y axis). get a ruler and there should be points above and below the line.

Question 24

digoxin once daily administration suffices

Answer 24

stable, little lost each day. morphine is eliminated very rapidly from the body, given more frequently.