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Development & Biological Psychology > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the major divisions that make up the nervous system?

https://qbi.uq.edu.au/brain/brain-anatomy

A

CNS - Spinal Cord and Brain
PNS
1) SNS (afferent nerves arrive and efferent nerves exit)
2) ANS - (1) SymNS and (2) ParaNS - (afferent nerves arrive and efferent nerves exit)

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2
Q

What does the Somatic Nervous System do?

A

Primary purpose of SNS is to connect the CNS to the skeletal muscles to control voluntary movement.
Initiating and controlling movement in the body.
Hearing, touch and sight.
Afferent nerves (sensory neurons) carry signals from the body, like the skin and muscles to the CNS.
Efferent nerves (motor neurons) carry motor signals from the CNS to the skeletal muscles.

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3
Q

What does the Autonomic Nervous System do?

A

Primary purpose of ANS is involuntary body functions. Such as heartbeat, blood flow, breathing, body temperature and emotional response.

Made up of two parts, parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system.

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4
Q

What does the Parasympathetic Nervous System do?

A

The parasympathetic nervous system controls things when you are at rest and relaxed.
Salvation and eyes to tear, slows the heart rate.

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5
Q

What does the Sympathetic Nervous System do?

A

The sympathetic nervous system is our flight, fight or freeze response.
Receiving information from parts of the brain such as the brain stem and hypothalamus, amygdala.
Activated in stressful or high-arousal situations.
Increase heart rate, dilate pupils, increase sweat glands increase lungs capacity, digestion constricts.

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6
Q

What are Cranial Nerves?

A

Nerves which fire from the brain. There are 12 cranial nerves with the longest being the Vagus nerve which runs from the gut to the brain. Which transmits motor and sensory information directly to the brain.

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7
Q

What are the meninges and what role do they play?

A

The meninges are three protective membranes of the brain.

(1) Dura Mater (tough mother) - tough fibrous layer,
(2) Arachnoid Membrane - delicate, spider web like structure,
(3) Pia Mater (gentle mother)- inner most meninx, also delicate and fibrous

Subarachnoid Space - filled with cerebrospinal fluid and blood vessels.

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8
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) produced and located? And what is its function?

A

CSF also plays a role in protecting the CNS by cushioning the brain.

CSF is produced by the choroid (core roid) plexus. This is a network of capillaries that project pia matter into the ventricles of the brain.

The cerebral ventricles are a set of 4 interconnected cavities within the brain.

CSF is a clear fluid found in the brain and spinal cord.

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9
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier and its function?

A

Forms as a barrier between the circulating blood and the brain. Only allowing certain molecules such as glucose to pass through the barrier for fuel for the brain.

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10
Q

What are the major features of a neuron?

A 
Dendrites
Cell Body (soma)
Nucleus 
Axon Hillock
Axon
Myelin Sheath / Schwann Cells
Nodes of Ranvier  
Axon terminals / Buttons
Synapse

Action Potential

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11
Q

The Synapse is…

A

The gap between two neurons where nerve impulses are transmitted via chemical signals.

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12
Q

This internal feature of the neuron is involved in synthesising proteins.

A

Ribosomes

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13
Q

These membranes store neurotransmitter molecules that are released at the synapse.

A

Synaptic Vesicles

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14
Q

Transport of materials within the neuron is done by these internal features.

A

Microtubules

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15
Q

These internal features of the neuron generate large quantities of energy through an aerobic (oxygen-consuming) process.

A

Mitochondria

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16
Q

This internal structure of the neuron contains DNA

A

Nucleus

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17
Q

The gaps between sections of myelin are known as…

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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18
Q

The long slender projection of a neuron that carries nerve impulses

A

Axon

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19
Q

The lipid bilayer of the cell membrane contains these two kinds of protein

A

Channel Proteins and Signal Proteins

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20
Q

Myelin

A

This external feature of a neuron provides a protective, fatty insulating covering around many axons.

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21
Q

What are the differences between the four different classifications of neuron?

A

MMUB
Multipolar Neuron - more than 2 projections from the cell body (most common)
Multipolar Interneuron - short of no axon
Unipolar Neuron - 1 projections from the cell body
Bipolar Neuron - 2 projections from the cell body

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22
Q

Clusters of cell bodies in the CNS are called

A

Nuclei

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23
Q

Clusters of cell bodies in the PNS are called

A

Ganglia

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24
Q

Clusters of axons in the CNS

A

Tracts

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25
Q

Clusters of axons in the PNS

A

Nerves

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26
Q

Oligodendrocytes (oh-lego-den-dro-sites) (CNS)

A

Provides supports to neurons by wrapping myelin sheath around the neuron to help the signals travel through the axon.

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27
Q

Microglia (CNS)

A

Smallest glial cells
Protect against injury and disease by creating a inflammation response
also help synapses, regulation of cell death

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28
Q

Astrocytes (CNS)

A

Star like shape, largest glial cell
Cover the outside of blood vessels, block blood brain barrier, also allow molecules to flow through the BBB
increase blood flow to brain

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29
Q

Schwann Cells (PNS)

A

Like Oligodendrocytes, they create a myelin sheath protection over the axon to speed up and protect the projection through an axon. Unlike Oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells can help repair damaged axons in the PNS.

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30
Q

Horizontal Plane
Frontal (coronal) Plane
Saggital Plane

A

_
O|o
O|O

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31
Q 
Mike’s 
Method 
Messes with
Distinguished
Theories
A 
Myelencephalon
Metencephalon
Mesencephalon
Diencephalon 
Telencephalon - made up of the cerebral hemispheres - experiences the most growth

(Encephalon which means ‘within the head’)

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32
Q

Gray Matter

A

Cell bodies and unmyelinated neurons what back up the H part of the spinal cord.

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33
Q

White Matter

A

Myelinated neurons that make up the area surrounding the gray matter area of the spinal cord.

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34
Q

Dorsal and Ventral Horns

A

Arms extending from the gray matter from the dorsal and ventral areas of the spine.

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35
Q

Dorsal and Ventral Roots

A

Spinal nerve axons are joined to the spinal cord via these.

Dorsal Roots are unipolar neurons (1)
Ventral Roots are multipolar neurons (2+)

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36
Q

Dorsal Ganglia Roots

A

Cell bodies on the Dorsal roots

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37
Q

Brain Stem

A

The collective term for the 4 divisions of the brain.

  1. Myelencephalon / Medulla (hindbrain)
  2. Metencephalon (Hindbrain)
  3. Mesencephalon (midbrain)
  4. Diencephalon (forebrain)
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38
Q

Myelencephalon

A

Medulla Oblongata (hindbrain)The most posterior part of the brain.

Includes the reticular formation - net
Mainly composted of tracts (axons of the CNS) which send messages between the brain and the body.
Plays many varied roles such as: 
- sleep
- attention
- movement
- cardiovascular control
- swallowing
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39
Q

Metencephalon

A

Hindbrain, made up of the pons (ventral) and cerebellum (dorsal of the brain stem)

Tracts make up the pons which sends signals from and to the brain and body.
Cerebellum - highly folded section of the brain.
- coordination
- motor control
- Sensorimotor functions such as precise movement.

If the Cerebellum is damaged it also impacts language and thinking/decision making.

Part of the reticular formation sits within the metencephalon

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40
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Midbrain - movement and auditory

(1) Tectum - dorsal
(2) Tegmentum - ventral

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41
Q

Tectum

A

Made up of two pairs of bumps

(1) Superior colliculi - movement and auditory
(2) Inferior colliculi - auditory

42
Q

Tegmentum

A

Contains tracts and the reticular formation.

Contains the cerebral aqueduct - 3rd and 4th ventricles in the brain.

Periaqueduct Gray - Gray matter which surrounds this duct.

Functioning of the sensorimotor system:

  • Red Nucleus
  • Substantia Nigra
43
Q

Diencephalon

A

Forebrain

Thalamus
Hypothalamus

44
Q

Thalamus

A

Sensory rely station, all the thing that you see, hear, touch, taste, - all these sense you have come through your nerves and end up in your thalamus.

Emotions are very contingent on these senses, and the thalamus will send signals to other functions of the cortex.

Smell bypasses the thalamus

Made up of two lobes which sit at the top of the brain stem, joined by the massa intermedia.

Mainly made up of gray matter, part of the diencephalon.

  • sensory and motor signals
  • circadian rhythm
  • memory and learning

Relay center for the signals passing from the lower centers to the higher centers of the brain.

The thalamus is made up of nuclei that receives information from the cortex and then sends information to other areas of the cortex.

Sits dorsal to the hypothalamus

It is a prime processing centre for sensory information, as it links up the relevant parts of the cerebral cortex with the spinal cord and other areas of the brain important for our senses. The thalamus also controls sleep.

45
Q

Lateral Geniculate Nuclei (thalamus)

A

visual

sensory relay nuclei

46
Q

Medial Geniculate Nuclei (thalamus)

A

auditory

sensory relay nuclei

47
Q

Ventral Posterior Nuclei (thalamus)

A

somatosensory information

sensory relay nuclei

48
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Sits posterior to the thalamus

Regulates motivation behaviors such as eating, sleep and sex. It does this through the pituitary gland - this releases hormones into the bloodstream.

It is involved in some hormonal activity and connects the hormonal and nervous systems. The hypothalamus also works to regulate things like our blood pressure, body temperature, and overall homeostasis.

Below the Thalamus, tiny structure, less than 1% of the brain.
Regulating functions in the body, autonomic nervous system.
Fight and flight VS Rest and Digest
Releases hormones into the bloodstream e.g. adrenalin.

49
Q

Telencephalon

A

Forebrain, Cerebrum and cerebral cortex. Makes up 85% of the brain.
Limbic System
Basal Ganglia

Made up of mainly gray matter and split into two hemispheres.

4 lobes FPOT. Beneath the cerebral cortex, there are large knots of neurons called basal ganglia, they are fundamental in our motor function. When disease attacks the basal ganglia we see diseases such as Parkinson’s disease.

50
Q

Cerebrum (Motor)

A

The cerebrum is composed of two hemispheres.

The major function of the cerebrum is to control the voluntary muscular movements of the body.

The cerebrum is where most of the important brain functions happen, such as thinking, planning, reasoning, language processing, and interpreting and processing inputs from our senses, such as vision, touch, hearing, taste and smell.

51
Q

Corpus Collosum

A

Joins the two hemispheres of the brain

52
Q

Gyrus

A

The ridges and grooves on the surface of the cerebral cortex. Gyri is the plural. Gyrus is a single one.

53
Q

Sulci (Sulcus)

A

Groove in the cerebral cortex.

54
Q

Fissures

A

Larger grooves in the cerebral cortex that divide it into lobes.

Longitudinal fissures divides the brain into 2 hemispheres.

55
Q

Frontal Lobe

A 
Voluntary motor
Prefrontal - thinking, decisions, emotions
Broca's area - speech
Executive functioning 
Problem solving, planning
56
Q

Parietal Lobe

A 
Somatosensory cortex (feelings hot, soft, heavy), spatial manipulation. 
Sensing, fullness
57
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Vision

58
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Sound and Wernicke’s area language

59
Q

Neocortex

A

New brain
Stellate and pyramidal cells
6 layers
90% of the brain

60
Q

Amygdala

A

Plays a central role in our emotional responses, including feelings like pleasure, fear, anxiety and anger

The amygdala also attaches emotional content to our memories, so plays an important role in determining how robustly those memories are stored

it also plays a key role in forming new memories specifically related to fear. Fearful memories are able to be formed after only a few repetitions. This makes ‘fear learning’ a popular way to investigate the mechanisms of memory formation, consolidation and recall.

61
Q

Hippocampus

A

Forming new memories
Short-term memory into your long term memory
Which can evoke memories

62
Q

Limbic System

A

H - Hypothalamus
A - Amygdala (emotion) also part of the basal ganglia
T - Thalamus (rely center)
Hippo - Hippocampus (Memory)

Involved in motivated behaviors 
The 4 f's
Fleeing
Flighting
Feeding 
Sexual behavior
63
Q

Cerebral cortex (sensory)

A

The cerebral cortex is composed of four lobes: frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe.

The cerebral cortex is mainly involved in the consciousness.

64
Q

Basal ganglia

Subcortical system

A

Coordination of movement and decision making - linked to the thalamus

A group of structures linked to the thalamus (rely center of the brain) and is involved with movement and decision making.

Beneath the surface of the hemispheres are large knots of neurons called basal ganglia, which specialise in programming and executing our motor functions. When basal ganglia are affected by diseases such as Parkinson’s, patients have tremors and uncontrolled movements.

65
Q

Substantia nigra

A

Tegmentum - (metencephalon)
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is produced in the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, and hypothalamus
Projects onto the striatum (basal ganglia)

66
Q

https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/behavior

A

i

67
Q

Sensorimotor system

A

Association Cortex (CEO’s) stays out of the weeds, it gives direction.
The higher levels of the sensorimotor system are left to perform more complex functions.
AC can exert control over other levels of the system e.g. blinking when trying to insert a contact lens.
Information flows down
Secondary Motor Cortex
Primary Motor Cortex
Brain stem motor nuclei

68
Q

Fornix

A

Major tract of the limbic system

69
Q

Cingulate gyrus

A

Sit above corpus callosum

Involved in processing emotions and behavior

70
Q

Caudate Tail / body

A

From the posterior of the amygdala form a semi circle - it forms the striatum with the putamen

71
Q

Putamen

A

Centre of the BG, is connected to the caudate via fiber bridges and forms the striatum with the caudate

72
Q

Striatum

A

Made up of the caudate and putamen - striped

73
Q

Globus Pallidus

A

Pale globe,

74
Q

Nucleus accumbens

A

Rewarding effects of drugs

BG

75
Q

Membrane Potential

A

The difference in electrical charge between the inside and the outside of a cell

76
Q

Polarized membrane

A

Has a positive electrical charge on one side and a negative charge on another side - this creates the resting potential (-70 mv)

77
Q

Transporter

A

Sodium-potassium pump

78
Q

Extracellular space

A

Outside the cell - sodium ions

79
Q

Intracellular space

A

Inside the cell - potassium ions

80
Q

Electrostatic pressure

A

Drive Na into the cell - Opposite charges attract the positive sodium ions

81
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

Drive Na into the cell because of the overall lower concentration of Na inside the cell - Particles moving at random will tend to move from a high concentration to one of a low concentration. Outside of the cell is a higher concentration of sodium ions then inside

82
Q

Hyperpolarise

A

Increases the polarisation of the membrane

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) - decreases probability of neuron firing

83
Q

Depolarise

A

Reduces or removes polarization of the membrane

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials (EPSPs) - increases probability of neuron firing / action potential

84
Q

Resting Potential

A

-70mV

85
Q

Threshold of excitation

A
  • 65mV
86
Q

Postsynaptic Potential 3 principles

A

1) Graded response - weak- strong - spectrum every variation in between
2) They are so fast - they are instantaneous
3) Decremental - they loose amplitude like a sound wave.

87
Q

Action Potential

A 
-70mV - 30 50 mV 
All or none responses
on or off - there is no inbetween
PSP as a gradient 
They don't loose their amplitude - decremental 
Its slower - not instantaneous
88
Q

Integration

A

Combining incoming signals into one overall signal

89
Q

Spatial Summation

A

When local postsynaptic potentials produced simultaneously on different parts of the membrane sum to form a greater postsynaptic potential or to cancel each other out

90
Q

Temporal Summation

A

When postsynaptic potentials formed in rapid succession at the same synapse sum to form a greater signal.

91
Q

Voltage-activated ion channel

A

Channels that open and close in response to changes to the level of membrane potential - this is where you find nodes of Ranvier

92
Q

Absolute Refractory period

A

Hyperpolarization

1-2 ms where an action potential is impossible

93
Q

Relative Refractory Period

A

An action potential is possible, but requires a higher than normal level of stimulation

94
Q

Antidromic conduction

A

axon conduction opposite of the normal direction - button up to the cell body

95
Q

Orthodromic conduction

A

Axonal conduction in the normal direction

96
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

Transmission of an action potential in myelinated neurons

97
Q

Neuropeptide

A

Large neurotransmitter - chains of amino acid

98
Q

Exocytosis

A

The process of neurotransmitter release

99
Q

Receptor

A

Binds to a ligand (molecule that binds to another) and produce signals in postsynaptic neurons

100
Q

The sensorimotor system

A 
Association Cortex
Secondary motor cortex
primary motor cortex
Brain stem motor nuclei
Spinal motor circuits

Development & Biological Psychology (3 decks)

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