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Week 1 - 1/1 - Oral Cavity COMPLETE **** Flashcards

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1
Q

Salivary Glands: State the 4 major saliva glands in cats and dogs

A

parotid
zygomatic
mandibular
sublingual

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2
Q

Salivary Glands: Where else in the mouth are minor salivary glands found? 4

A

buccal mucosa
caudal third of tongue
labial mucosa
soft palate

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3
Q

Salivary Glands: How do Major salivary glands empty?
- What about minor ones?

A

via large ducts

via multiple short ducts opening close to the gland

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3
Q

Salivary Glands: Why do you get different viscosities of saliva from different salivary glands?

A

because the ratio of mucus to serous cells are different in different glands

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4
Q

Salivary Glands: What are the 2 pro-dominant cell types in a Gland?
- What does each cell type produce?

A

mucus cells or serous cells

mucus cell produce mucus
serous cells produce water and enzymes

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5
Q

Salivon: Where is the primary section made?
- After leaving this region, what happens to the saliva? 3

A

in the acinus by the mucus or serous epithelial cells

it is modified in the ducts
sodium and chloride ions are reabsorbed
bicarbonate and potassium is secreted into the saliva

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5
Q

Salivary Glands: Where int he salivary gland are the mucus or serous cells found?

A

in the acinus

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6
Q

Saliva: What composition of Saliva is water?
- what else does it contain? 3

A

99%

amylase
electrolytes
proteins

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7
Q

Salivon: What factors will influence the end product saliva? 3

A

the greater the volume produced the closer it will be to the primary secretion
the faster the flow through the salivon the less modification in the duct
the slower the flow the more modification in the duct

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8
Q

Salivary Glands: Describe the structure and functions of different components of the salivon 4

A

the acinus is surrounded by plasma cells secreting IgA
the intercalated duct secretes bicarbonate and absorbs chloride ions
the striated duct secretes potassium and bicarbonate and absorbs sodium ions
the secretory duct conveys the saliva to the mouth

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8
Q

Salivary Glands: Describe the secretion of the following glands:
- Parotid
- Mandibular
- Sublingual

A

mucus in dogs but serous in other species
mixed in dogs but serous in rodents
mixed in other species but mucus in rodents

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9
Q

What are some of the functions of saliva? 8

A

lubricating moistening food bolus and easing mastication
lubricating oral mucosa and removing food debris and microbes from mucosa and teeth
dissolve water soluble foods
carbohydrate digestion
buffering to keep oral pH at 7.5
thermoregulation in cats and dogs
antifoaming role to prevent frothy bloat
contains potassium thiocyanate with is oxidised to hypothiocyanate and is toxic to bacteria

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10
Q

Salivary Glands: How much saliva is formed per minute in cows when feeding?
- What term is given to hyper salivation?

A

30-50ml

ptyalism

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11
Q

Regulation: What nervous supplies regulate saliva secretion?
- Describe what Sympathetic supply does? 2
- Describe what parasympathetic supply does 2

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

viscous saliva
less saliva

watery saliva
more salvia

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12
Q

Salivary Glands: In ruminants, what reflex stimulates salivary flow?

A

the presence of long fibre in the reticulum

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13
Q

Salivary Glands: How does sympathetic flow supply glands?
- What about parasympathetic flow? 3

A

via arterial supplies

via the trigeminal nerve
cranial nerve 7 supplies mandibular and sublingual
cranial nerve 9 supplies parotid and zygomatic

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14
Q

Salivary Glands: What do we call a swollen parotid gland in horses?
- Why might this happen?

A

parotiditis

after grazing on new grass

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15
Q

Parotid: Where does its duct run?
- Where does it open into the buccal mucosa?

A

from the cranio-medial surface of the gland across the master muscle

by the maxillary carnassial tooth

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16
Q

Zygomatic Gland: Where does its duct open into the buccal Mucosa?

A

opposite the upper first molar

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17
Q

Sublingual: What 2 sections can they be divided into?
- Describe each part

A

monostomatic part
polystomatic part

the monostomatic part has a long sublingual duct opening at the sublingual caruncle

the polystomatic part consists of serval lobules with independent short ducts opening sublingually near the frenulum

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18
Q

Swallowing: Describe the first stage of swallowing 3

A

tongue moves food around
masticated food and saliva form a plus
tongue pushes bolus up and back towards pharynx

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19
Q

Swallowing: Describe stage 2 of swallowing 3

A

the soft palate elevates closing the posterior nares
the epiglottis covers the larynx and trachea
breathing is suspended

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20
Q

Swallowing: Describe stage 3 of swallowing 5

A

the oesophagus dilates
the bolus passes up and over the larynx into the oesophagus
the oesophagus closes
the epiglottis uncovers the trachea
the bolus moves down the oesophagus into the stomach

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21
Q

Swallowing: Which stages of swallowing are voluntary?
- Which are involuntary?
- Compare regurgitation to vomiting
- For which animals is regurgitation normal for? 3

A

1

2 and 3

it is less active than vomiting

ruminants
birds feeding young
dogs feeding weaned pups

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22
Teeth: What is the function of Incisors? - Function of canines - Function of Premolars and molars
nibbling and cutting grasping and stabbing crushing and shearing
23
Teeth: Define the following terminology- - Labial - Lingual - Palatal - Mesial - Distal - Occlusal - cusps - furcation - coronal - apical
cheek side medial side of mandibular teeth medial side of maxillary teeth rostral side caudal side meeting surface of teeth raised parts of the occlusal surface where the roots come together towards the tip of the crown towards the root
24
Teeth: Define Homodont - Define Heterodont
one type of tooth different types of teeth
25
Teeth: What word describes Mammal teeth? - What does this mean? 3
diphyodont it means that they have 2 sets of teeth the first set is the deciduous teeth the second set is the permanent teeth
26
Teeth: For Mammals, what are the 4 types of teeth?
incisors canines premolars molars
27
Teeth: State the 2 different types of tooth
brachydont hypsodont
28
Carnivores: To move jaw sideways what muscles do they engage? - What about the close jaw and crush? 2
pterygoideus muscles masseter and temporalis muscle
29
Herbivores: Why do they have such large Pterygoideus muscles?
because they are working under load
30
Jaw: How are herbivore and carnivore vertical rami different and why? 2
herbivores have longer vertical ramus to give more occlusion carnivores have a shorter vertical ramus to enable scissor action
31
Oral Cavity: What is another name for the gums? - Describe its structure
gingiva the oral mucosa is firmly attached to the underlying periosteum
32
Teeth: Enamel - What is it mostly made of? - Does it contain cells? - what will it dissolve in?
hydroxyapatite no it is acellular acid
33
Teeth: Dentine - Is this a living tissue? - what cells does it contain and what do they do? 3 - What are the different types of dentine?
yes odontoblasts they produce dentine tubules cytoplasmic processes occur primary secondary tertiary
34
Teeth: Dentine - What is primary dentine? - When does it form? - When does secondary dentine form? - What effect does this have? - What triggers tertiary dentine to form? - Describe its structure - What is its purpose?
mineralised collagen as the tooth grows after eruption on a daily basis it makes the pulp smaller damage irregular structure to fill in damage
35
Teeth: Pulp - Where is pulp found? - What does it contain? 3 - Why does it narrow with age? - What name is given to the small canals present at the apex?
within the pulp cavity blood vessels lymph nerves due to secondary dentine deposition apical delta
36
Teeth: Cementum - What other structure is this similar to? - For Brachydont teeth, where is it located? - What about for Hypsodont? - What is its function?
bone peripheral to dentine below the cemento-enamel junction completely covering the enamel it is the site of attachment for periodontal fibres
37
Teeth: Root types - What are the 2 different root types? - Describe closed 3 - Describe open 2
open or closed the root apex is closed off so teeth do not grow once formed teeth erupt slowly and continuously in horses and cattle teeth erupt to a fixed height in carnivores and omnivores the root apex is open so teeth grow continuously teeth continually grow and erupt
38
Periodeontium: What makes up the Periodontium?
alveolar bone
39
Gingiva: What type of cell makes up the gingiva? - Describe its structure 2 - what is the consequence of this? 2
squamous epithelium it is closely bound to the periosteum it reflect at the cemento-enamel junction to form a pocket called the gingival sulcus food debris can become trapped here inflammation starts here
40
Periodontal Ligaments: Describe their structure - what is their function? 2
angled collagen fibres to support the tooth act as a shock absorber by spreading the load into the whole socket
41
Tooth Eruption: What happens structurally as the tooth grows? 3 - What happens in mature teeth? 2
the primary dentine grows the pulp remains large the root is open secondary dentine gradually replaces the pulp the root is closed
42
Arterial Supply: Which artery supplies teeth of the upper arcade? - What about the lower arcade?
the infraorbital artery the inferior alveolar artery
43
Venous Drainage: Generally, which vein do most head veins eventually drain into?
the external jugular vein
44
Nerve Supply: - State the main Maxilla nerve - Where can you apply a nerve block? - State which teeth this will block for each
intraorbital nerve as it enters the maxillary foramen all maxillary teeth as it exists the maxillary foramen all maxillary teeth except molars
45
Nerve Supply: - State the main Mandibular nerve - Where can you apply a nerve block? - State which teeth this will block for each
mandibular nerve as it enters the mandibular foramen all mandibular teeth as it exists the middle mental foramen only incisors and canines
46
Temporo-mandibular Joint: What type of joint is this? 2 - What additional movement does it have? 2 - How come it has 2 synovial compartments?
synovial joint hinge joint lateral movement rostro-caudal movement because it has well a developed meniscus
47
Dental Formulae: For carnivores, what is the name of the teeth naming system?
modified triadan system
48
Dental Formulae: Describe how the Modified Triadan System works 3 - What will the 2nd and 3rd digits of Incisor teeth always be? - What about for Canines? - What about for premolars? - What about for Carnassials?
each tooth has a 3 digit number the first digit represents the quadrant the second and third digits represent the tooth 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11
49
Dental Formulae: How do the Quadrants work in the Modified Triadan system?
the maxilla and mandible are each split in half the right maxilla is quadrant 1 the left maxilla is quadrant 2 the left mandible is quadrant 3 the right mandible is quadrant 4
50
Dental Formulae: Modified Triadan System - What type of teeth are the upper carnassials? - What is their number? - What type of teeth are the lower carnassials? - What is their number?
the last premolars 108 and 208 the first molars 309 and 409
51
Dental Formulae: Which teeth are rabbits missing on the upper jaw?
incisor 03 canine 04 premolar 05
52
Dental Formulae: How can you represent dental formula as a fraction? 2 - Why is this not as good as the modified Triadan System?
top of the fraction says number of incisors, canines, premolars and molars on the left side maxilla bottom of the fraction says the same for the left side mandible it doesn't tell you which teeth are missing
53
Species Differences: Carnivores - Type of teeth - Describe eruption - What jaw movement brings carnassials into action? - How many teeth do dogs have? - What about cats?
brachydont erupt to a set height lateral jaw movement 42 30
54
Species Differences: Carnivores - Give the dental formula for dogs - Give the dental formula for cats
3.1.4.2/3.1.4.3 3.1.3.1/3.1.2.1
55
Species Differences: Carnivores - How does the lay out of pre-molars enable their function? - How does the lay out of carnassial teeth enable their function?
they are staggered to enable gripping they overlap to create cutting action
56
Species Differences: Carnivores - For Dolicephalic breeds, how is there jaw structure different?
the mandible is shorter than the maxilla
57
Species Differences: Herbivores - What type of teeth do they have? - Which teeth are 'cheek teeth'? - What adaptations for cheek teeth have? 2
hypsodont premolars and molars they have a flat surface they have folded enamel and dentine
58
Species Differences: Bovine and Ovine - Which of their teeth are brachydont? - Which of their teeth are Hypsodont?
incisors and canines premolars and molars
59
Species Differences: Cows - When do their incisors erupt? - Do they have canines? 2
2 years old no upper canines lower canines have evolved to resemble incisors
60
Species Differences: Sheep - When do their Adult incisors erupt? - How can you estimate a sheep age?
1 year, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3-4 years count the number of incisors
61
Species Differences: Equine - state the formulae for the maximum number of teeth - explain which ones might be there or might not be
3.1.4.3/3.1.4.3 stallions and many geldings have canines called tushes a small 1st premolar may be present in the upper arcade
62
Species Differences: Equine - What type of teeth are the incisors? - How can you determine the age of a horse from their teeth? - When do their incisors erupt? 3
hypsodont based on wear patterns and eruption 01 erupts at 2.5 years 02 erupt at 3.5 years 03 erupts at 4.5 years
63
Species Differences: Equine - Tushes - What type of teeth are Tushes? - Which teeth are possible wolf teeth?
brachydont 105 and 205
64
Species Differences: Equine - What name is given to premolar and molars describing their folded enamel pattern?
lophodont
65
Species Differences: Pigs - What descriptive word can be used to describe their teeth? - What does this mean? - How many teeth do they have? - When are piglets teeth clipped?
bunodont low rounded cusps the maximum number 44 at 2-3 days old
66
Oral Microbiology: The Oral Mucosa serves as a habitat for a population of commensal bacteria. - How does saliva benefit microbial growth? 2 - how does saliva help control bacteria populations?
provides a source of nutrition helps aggregate bacteria it contains antimicrobial factors
67
Oral Microbiology: Describe the development of plaque 6
glycoproteins are deposited on the tooth surface pioneer species like streptococcus form micro colonies with the glycoproteins and respire aerobically nutrition varies as flora varies allowing more bacteria to colonise a thick biofilm forms the thicker the biofilm, the less oxygen is available for the species at the bottom anaerobic bacteria become established such as porphyromonas
68
Oral Microbiology: How does Gingivitis and Periodontal disease develop? 5
plaque develops which changes the microenvironment anaerobic bacteria can establish mineral deposition can occur sub-gingival deposits and growth will trigger inflammation bacteria also secrete enzymes which weaken tissue and cause more damage
69
Oral Microbiology: How is an anaerobic environment created? 3
oxygen diffuses into the plaque it is used for bacterial respiration this develops an anaerobic environment
70
Oral Microbiology: Define Plaque - What is calculus? - How does it form?
a biofilm that builds up on the teeth calcified dental plaque mineralised phosphates are deposited around the bacteria
71
Oral Microbiology: How does dental decay occur? 2
increasing acids causes local demineralisation or it can be immune mediated
71
Oral Microbiology: How so Feline Odontoclastic Resorptive lesions occur? 6
there is chronic accumulation of microorganisms endothelial and epithelial cells produce cytokines these stimulate odontoclast activity cytokines attract stem cells to the sulcus area these stem cells become odontoblasts odontoblasts dissolve mineralised tissue
72
Oral Microbiology: Bacteria For the following oral bacteria, state their gram status and possibly respiration status - Streptococcus - Actinomyces - Neisseria - Porphyromonas
gram positive facultative anaerobes gram positive gram negative aerobic respiration gram negative anaerobic respiration
72
Oral Microbiology: Cat Bite Abscess - Describe abscess formation 3 - what colour is the goop? - What are the anaerobic organisms?
it is a collection of trapped bacteria and cell debris it is a defence reaction of the tissue to prevent spread of infection there is an inflammatory response attracting lymphocytes and increasing regional blood flow creamy white malodorous
73
Oral Microbiology: Yeasts - Which species are common in causing opportunities infections in the oral cavity? 2
Candida albicans candida tropicalis
74
Oral Microbiology: State 2 diseases seen in Cows - State the bacteria that causes each
lumpy jaw actinomyces bovis wooden tongue actinobacillus lignieresii
75
Small Mammal Dental Disease: How is grass abrasive? - What type of teeth do rabbits have and what does this mean?
it contains large amounts of silica phytoliths elodont teeth continuously erupting
76
Small Mammal Dental Disease: What type of teeth do Rodents have and what does this mean?
anelodont short crowned and rooted teeth that do not grow
77
Small Mammal Dental Disease: Describe the structure of rabbit teeth - How do the teeth become chisel shaped? - What is the benefit of this?
chisel shaped teeth enamel fold due to uneven wear it creates a sharp cutting edge
78
Small Mammal Dental Disease: What are 'Peg teeth" in rabbits? - Where are they located? - What is their function? 2
2 extra tiny incisors behind upper incisors the lower incisors rest on them when at rest they help with occlusion and wear
79
Small Mammal Dental Disease: Rabbits - State 2 quirks about rabbit teeth
the mandibular arcade is narrower than the maxillary arcade so the lingual edge of the maxillary teeth occlude with the buccal edge of the mandibular teeth there is no crown-root demarcation so the whole tooth is considered a crown with the reserve crown sitting within the jaw
80
Small Mammal Dental Disease: Rabbits - Why is the Nasolacrimal duct important to consider in Rabbit dentistry? 2
it is closely associated with the teeth so is prone to blockage, inflammation and infection
81
Small Mammal Dental Disease: Guinea Pigs - How are Guinea Pig teeth angled? - What does this cause?
the maxillary teeth are angled outwards the mandibular teeth are angled inwards tongue entrapment
82
Small Mammal Dental Disease: What 2 factors generally cause most dental disease in rabbits and rodents? - Explain how
diet breeding not enough vegetation in diet selective eating sugary treats and fruit brachycephalic conformation
83
Small Mammal Dental Disease: State the types of dental disease in rabbit and rodents from most common to least common 3
acquired dental disease congenital abnormalities trauma
84
Small Mammal Dental Disease: What does PSADD stand for in rabbits? - State the various stages in this disease process 5
progressive syndrome of acquired dental disease apical elongation acquired malocclusions
85
Small Mammal Dental Disease: Early stage PSADD in rabbits - Describe how Apical Elongation occurs 2 - How can this lead to pathology? 2
eruption slows or stops due to reduced wear so continuous growth causes apical elongation can place pressure on the nasolacrimal duct and nerves can penetrate bone on the ventral mandible
86
Small Mammal Dental Disease: Intermediate stage PSADD in rabbits - explain how acquired malocclusions (enamel spurs) form 3 - What is the problem with enamel spurs?
the teeth are too long so do not occlude properly this means they do not wear properly spurs form where the teeth do not meet they can cause soft tissue damage inflammation and pain
87
Small Mammal Dental Disease: Late stage PSADD in rabbits - What happens in the late stages of this disease? 3 - What do the first 2 lead to?
periodontal loosening leading to rotation of teeth loss of alveolar bone leading to abscesses teeth stop growing
88
Dental Burring in Rabbits: When would you do this? 2 - What is the aim? - What must you also do? - State the equipment required for preparing the animal and explain what each is used for
incisor overgrowth cheek teeth overgrowth to remove any spikes and restore normal anatomy correct the underlying cause stand to position body and open mouth mouth gag to open mouth cheek dilators to widen the mouth
89
Dental Burring: Describe the equipment used for the actually burring process
diamond burrs
90
Small Mammal Dental Disease: How can you prevent this disease with diet changes? 5 - How else can you prevent this disease? 2
lots of grass good quality hay pellets not muesli fibrous veg root veg and fruit as treats encourage gnawing behaviour selective breeding and culling
91

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