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GI > Week 1 - 1/1 - Oral Cavity COMPLETE **** > Flashcards

Week 1 - 1/1 - Oral Cavity COMPLETE **** Flashcards

1
Q

Salivary Glands: State the 4 major saliva glands in cats and dogs

A

parotid
zygomatic
mandibular
sublingual

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2
Q

Salivary Glands: Where else in the mouth are minor salivary glands found? 4

A

buccal mucosa
caudal third of tongue
labial mucosa
soft palate

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3
Q

Salivary Glands: How do Major salivary glands empty?
- What about minor ones?

A

via large ducts

via multiple short ducts opening close to the gland

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3
Q

Salivary Glands: Why do you get different viscosities of saliva from different salivary glands?

A

because the ratio of mucus to serous cells are different in different glands

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4
Q

Salivary Glands: What are the 2 pro-dominant cell types in a Gland?
- What does each cell type produce?

A

mucus cells or serous cells

mucus cell produce mucus
serous cells produce water and enzymes

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5
Q

Salivon: Where is the primary section made?
- After leaving this region, what happens to the saliva? 3

A

in the acinus by the mucus or serous epithelial cells

it is modified in the ducts
sodium and chloride ions are reabsorbed
bicarbonate and potassium is secreted into the saliva

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5
Q

Salivary Glands: Where int he salivary gland are the mucus or serous cells found?

A

in the acinus

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6
Q

Saliva: What composition of Saliva is water?
- what else does it contain? 3

A

99%

amylase
electrolytes
proteins

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7
Q

Salivon: What factors will influence the end product saliva? 3

A

the greater the volume produced the closer it will be to the primary secretion
the faster the flow through the salivon the less modification in the duct
the slower the flow the more modification in the duct

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8
Q

Salivary Glands: Describe the structure and functions of different components of the salivon 4

A

the acinus is surrounded by plasma cells secreting IgA
the intercalated duct secretes bicarbonate and absorbs chloride ions
the striated duct secretes potassium and bicarbonate and absorbs sodium ions
the secretory duct conveys the saliva to the mouth

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8
Q

Salivary Glands: Describe the secretion of the following glands:
- Parotid
- Mandibular
- Sublingual

A

mucus in dogs but serous in other species
mixed in dogs but serous in rodents
mixed in other species but mucus in rodents

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9
Q

What are some of the functions of saliva? 8

A

lubricating moistening food bolus and easing mastication
lubricating oral mucosa and removing food debris and microbes from mucosa and teeth
dissolve water soluble foods
carbohydrate digestion
buffering to keep oral pH at 7.5
thermoregulation in cats and dogs
antifoaming role to prevent frothy bloat
contains potassium thiocyanate with is oxidised to hypothiocyanate and is toxic to bacteria

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10
Q

Salivary Glands: How much saliva is formed per minute in cows when feeding?
- What term is given to hyper salivation?

A

30-50ml

ptyalism

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11
Q

Regulation: What nervous supplies regulate saliva secretion?
- Describe what Sympathetic supply does? 2
- Describe what parasympathetic supply does 2

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

viscous saliva
less saliva

watery saliva
more salvia

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12
Q

Salivary Glands: In ruminants, what reflex stimulates salivary flow?

A

the presence of long fibre in the reticulum

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13
Q

Salivary Glands: How does sympathetic flow supply glands?
- What about parasympathetic flow? 3

A

via arterial supplies

via the trigeminal nerve
cranial nerve 7 supplies mandibular and sublingual
cranial nerve 9 supplies parotid and zygomatic

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14
Q

Salivary Glands: What do we call a swollen parotid gland in horses?
- Why might this happen?

A

parotiditis

after grazing on new grass

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15
Q

Parotid: Where does its duct run?
- Where does it open into the buccal mucosa?

A

from the cranio-medial surface of the gland across the master muscle

by the maxillary carnassial tooth

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16
Q

Zygomatic Gland: Where does its duct open into the buccal Mucosa?

A

opposite the upper first molar

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17
Q

Sublingual: What 2 sections can they be divided into?
- Describe each part

A

monostomatic part
polystomatic part

the monostomatic part has a long sublingual duct opening at the sublingual caruncle

the polystomatic part consists of serval lobules with independent short ducts opening sublingually near the frenulum

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18
Q

Swallowing: Describe the first stage of swallowing 3

A

tongue moves food around
masticated food and saliva form a plus
tongue pushes bolus up and back towards pharynx

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19
Q

Swallowing: Describe stage 2 of swallowing 3

A

the soft palate elevates closing the posterior nares
the epiglottis covers the larynx and trachea
breathing is suspended

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20
Q

Swallowing: Describe stage 3 of swallowing 5

A

the oesophagus dilates
the bolus passes up and over the larynx into the oesophagus
the oesophagus closes
the epiglottis uncovers the trachea
the bolus moves down the oesophagus into the stomach

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21
Q

Swallowing: Which stages of swallowing are voluntary?
- Which are involuntary?
- Compare regurgitation to vomiting
- For which animals is regurgitation normal for? 3

A

1

2 and 3

it is less active than vomiting

ruminants
birds feeding young
dogs feeding weaned pups

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22
Q

Teeth: What is the function of Incisors?
- Function of canines
- Function of Premolars and molars

A

nibbling and cutting
grasping and stabbing
crushing and shearing

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23
Q

Teeth: Define the following terminology-
- Labial
- Lingual
- Palatal
- Mesial
- Distal
- Occlusal
- cusps
- furcation
- coronal
- apical

A

cheek side
medial side of mandibular teeth
medial side of maxillary teeth
rostral side
caudal side
meeting surface of teeth
raised parts of the occlusal surface
where the roots come together
towards the tip of the crown
towards the root

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24
Q

Teeth: Define Homodont
- Define Heterodont

A

one type of tooth

different types of teeth

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25
Q

Teeth: What word describes Mammal teeth?
- What does this mean? 3

A

diphyodont

it means that they have 2 sets of teeth
the first set is the deciduous teeth
the second set is the permanent teeth

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26
Q

Teeth: For Mammals, what are the 4 types of teeth?

A

incisors
canines
premolars
molars

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27
Q

Teeth: State the 2 different types of tooth

A

brachydont
hypsodont

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28
Q

Carnivores: To move jaw sideways what muscles do they engage?
- What about the close jaw and crush? 2

A

pterygoideus muscles

masseter and temporalis muscle

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29
Q

Herbivores: Why do they have such large Pterygoideus muscles?

A

because they are working under load

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30
Q

Jaw: How are herbivore and carnivore vertical rami different and why? 2

A

herbivores have longer vertical ramus to give more occlusion
carnivores have a shorter vertical ramus to enable scissor action

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31
Q

Oral Cavity: What is another name for the gums?
- Describe its structure

A

gingiva

the oral mucosa is firmly attached to the underlying periosteum

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32
Q

Teeth: Enamel
- What is it mostly made of?
- Does it contain cells?
- what will it dissolve in?

A

hydroxyapatite

no it is acellular

acid

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33
Q

Teeth: Dentine
- Is this a living tissue?
- what cells does it contain and what do they do? 3
- What are the different types of dentine?

A

yes

odontoblasts
they produce dentine tubules
cytoplasmic processes occur

primary
secondary
tertiary

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34
Q

Teeth: Dentine
- What is primary dentine?
- When does it form?
- When does secondary dentine form?
- What effect does this have?
- What triggers tertiary dentine to form?
- Describe its structure
- What is its purpose?

A

mineralised collagen
as the tooth grows

after eruption on a daily basis
it makes the pulp smaller

damage
irregular structure
to fill in damage

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35
Q

Teeth: Pulp
- Where is pulp found?
- What does it contain? 3
- Why does it narrow with age?
- What name is given to the small canals present at the apex?

A

within the pulp cavity

blood vessels
lymph
nerves

due to secondary dentine deposition

apical delta

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36
Q

Teeth: Cementum
- What other structure is this similar to?
- For Brachydont teeth, where is it located?
- What about for Hypsodont?
- What is its function?

A

bone

peripheral to dentine below the cemento-enamel junction

completely covering the enamel

it is the site of attachment for periodontal fibres

37
Q

Teeth: Root types
- What are the 2 different root types?
- Describe closed 3
- Describe open 2

A

open or closed

the root apex is closed off so teeth do not grow once formed
teeth erupt slowly and continuously in horses and cattle
teeth erupt to a fixed height in carnivores and omnivores

the root apex is open so teeth grow continuously
teeth continually grow and erupt

38
Q

Periodeontium: What makes up the Periodontium?

A

alveolar bone

39
Q

Gingiva: What type of cell makes up the gingiva?
- Describe its structure 2
- what is the consequence of this? 2

A

squamous epithelium

it is closely bound to the periosteum
it reflect at the cemento-enamel junction to form a pocket called the gingival sulcus

food debris can become trapped here
inflammation starts here

40
Q

Periodontal Ligaments: Describe their structure
- what is their function? 2

A

angled collagen fibres

to support the tooth
act as a shock absorber by spreading the load into the whole socket

41
Q

Tooth Eruption: What happens structurally as the tooth grows? 3
- What happens in mature teeth? 2

A

the primary dentine grows
the pulp remains large
the root is open

secondary dentine gradually replaces the pulp
the root is closed

42
Q

Arterial Supply: Which artery supplies teeth of the upper arcade?
- What about the lower arcade?

A

the infraorbital artery

the inferior alveolar artery

43
Q

Venous Drainage: Generally, which vein do most head veins eventually drain into?

A

the external jugular vein

44
Q

Nerve Supply:
- State the main Maxilla nerve
- Where can you apply a nerve block?
- State which teeth this will block for each

A

intraorbital nerve

as it enters the maxillary foramen
all maxillary teeth

as it exists the maxillary foramen
all maxillary teeth except molars

45
Q

Nerve Supply:
- State the main Mandibular nerve
- Where can you apply a nerve block?
- State which teeth this will block for each

A

mandibular nerve

as it enters the mandibular foramen
all mandibular teeth

as it exists the middle mental foramen
only incisors and canines

46
Q

Temporo-mandibular Joint: What type of joint is this? 2
- What additional movement does it have? 2
- How come it has 2 synovial compartments?

A

synovial joint
hinge joint

lateral movement
rostro-caudal movement

because it has well a developed meniscus

47
Q

Dental Formulae: For carnivores, what is the name of the teeth naming system?

A

modified triadan system

48
Q

Dental Formulae: Describe how the Modified Triadan System works 3
- What will the 2nd and 3rd digits of Incisor teeth always be?
- What about for Canines?
- What about for premolars?
- What about for Carnassials?

A

each tooth has a 3 digit number
the first digit represents the quadrant
the second and third digits represent the tooth

01 02 03

04

05 06 07 08

09 10 11

49
Q

Dental Formulae: How do the Quadrants work in the Modified Triadan system?

A

the maxilla and mandible are each split in half
the right maxilla is quadrant 1
the left maxilla is quadrant 2
the left mandible is quadrant 3
the right mandible is quadrant 4

50
Q

Dental Formulae: Modified Triadan System
- What type of teeth are the upper carnassials?
- What is their number?
- What type of teeth are the lower carnassials?
- What is their number?

A

the last premolars

108 and 208

the first molars

309 and 409

51
Q

Dental Formulae: Which teeth are rabbits missing on the upper jaw?

A

incisor 03
canine 04
premolar 05

52
Q

Dental Formulae: How can you represent dental formula as a fraction? 2
- Why is this not as good as the modified Triadan System?

A

top of the fraction says number of incisors, canines, premolars and molars on the left side maxilla
bottom of the fraction says the same for the left side mandible

it doesn’t tell you which teeth are missing

53
Q

Species Differences: Carnivores
- Type of teeth
- Describe eruption
- What jaw movement brings carnassials into action?
- How many teeth do dogs have?
- What about cats?

A

brachydont

erupt to a set height

lateral jaw movement

42

30

54
Q

Species Differences: Carnivores
- Give the dental formula for dogs
- Give the dental formula for cats

A

3.1.4.2/3.1.4.3

3.1.3.1/3.1.2.1

55
Q

Species Differences: Carnivores
- How does the lay out of pre-molars enable their function?
- How does the lay out of carnassial teeth enable their function?

A

they are staggered to enable gripping

they overlap to create cutting action

56
Q

Species Differences: Carnivores
- For Dolicephalic breeds, how is there jaw structure different?

A

the mandible is shorter than the maxilla

57
Q

Species Differences: Herbivores
- What type of teeth do they have?
- Which teeth are ‘cheek teeth’?
- What adaptations for cheek teeth have? 2

A

hypsodont

premolars and molars

they have a flat surface
they have folded enamel and dentine

58
Q

Species Differences: Bovine and Ovine
- Which of their teeth are brachydont?
- Which of their teeth are Hypsodont?

A

incisors and canines

premolars and molars

59
Q

Species Differences: Cows
- When do their incisors erupt?
- Do they have canines? 2

A

2 years old

no upper canines
lower canines have evolved to resemble incisors

60
Q

Species Differences: Sheep
- When do their Adult incisors erupt?
- How can you estimate a sheep age?

A

1 year, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3-4 years

count the number of incisors

61
Q

Species Differences: Equine
- state the formulae for the maximum number of teeth
- explain which ones might be there or might not be

A

3.1.4.3/3.1.4.3

stallions and many geldings have canines called tushes

a small 1st premolar may be present in the upper arcade

62
Q

Species Differences: Equine
- What type of teeth are the incisors?
- How can you determine the age of a horse from their teeth?
- When do their incisors erupt? 3

A

hypsodont

based on wear patterns and eruption

01 erupts at 2.5 years
02 erupt at 3.5 years
03 erupts at 4.5 years

63
Q

Species Differences: Equine
- Tushes
- What type of teeth are Tushes?
- Which teeth are possible wolf teeth?

A

brachydont

105 and 205

64
Q

Species Differences: Equine
- What name is given to premolar and molars describing their folded enamel pattern?

A

lophodont

65
Q

Species Differences: Pigs
- What descriptive word can be used to describe their teeth?
- What does this mean?
- How many teeth do they have?
- When are piglets teeth clipped?

A

bunodont

low rounded cusps

the maximum number 44

at 2-3 days old

66
Q

Oral Microbiology: The Oral Mucosa serves as a habitat for a population of commensal bacteria.
- How does saliva benefit microbial growth? 2
- how does saliva help control bacteria populations?

A

provides a source of nutrition
helps aggregate bacteria

it contains antimicrobial factors

67
Q

Oral Microbiology: Describe the development of plaque 6

A

glycoproteins are deposited on the tooth surface

pioneer species like streptococcus form micro colonies with the glycoproteins and respire aerobically

nutrition varies as flora varies allowing more bacteria to colonise

a thick biofilm forms

the thicker the biofilm, the less oxygen is available for the species at the bottom

anaerobic bacteria become established such as porphyromonas

68
Q

Oral Microbiology: How does Gingivitis and Periodontal disease develop? 5

A

plaque develops which changes the microenvironment
anaerobic bacteria can establish
mineral deposition can occur
sub-gingival deposits and growth will trigger inflammation
bacteria also secrete enzymes which weaken tissue and cause more damage

69
Q

Oral Microbiology: How is an anaerobic environment created? 3

A

oxygen diffuses into the plaque
it is used for bacterial respiration
this develops an anaerobic environment

70
Q

Oral Microbiology: Define Plaque
- What is calculus?
- How does it form?

A

a biofilm that builds up on the teeth

calcified dental plaque

mineralised phosphates are deposited around the bacteria

71
Q

Oral Microbiology: How does dental decay occur? 2

A

increasing acids causes local demineralisation
or it can be immune mediated

71
Q

Oral Microbiology: How so Feline Odontoclastic Resorptive lesions occur? 6

A

there is chronic accumulation of microorganisms
endothelial and epithelial cells produce cytokines
these stimulate odontoclast activity
cytokines attract stem cells to the sulcus area
these stem cells become odontoblasts
odontoblasts dissolve mineralised tissue

72
Q

Oral Microbiology: Bacteria
For the following oral bacteria, state their gram status and possibly respiration status
- Streptococcus
- Actinomyces
- Neisseria
- Porphyromonas

A

gram positive
facultative anaerobes

gram positive

gram negative
aerobic respiration

gram negative
anaerobic respiration

72
Q

Oral Microbiology: Cat Bite Abscess
- Describe abscess formation 3
- what colour is the goop?
- What are the anaerobic organisms?

A

it is a collection of trapped bacteria and cell debris
it is a defence reaction of the tissue to prevent spread of infection
there is an inflammatory response attracting lymphocytes and increasing regional blood flow

creamy white

malodorous

73
Q

Oral Microbiology: Yeasts
- Which species are common in causing opportunities infections in the oral cavity? 2

A

Candida albicans
candida tropicalis

74
Q

Oral Microbiology: State 2 diseases seen in Cows
- State the bacteria that causes each

A

lumpy jaw
actinomyces bovis

wooden tongue
actinobacillus lignieresii

75
Q

Small Mammal Dental Disease: How is grass abrasive?
- What type of teeth do rabbits have and what does this mean?

A

it contains large amounts of silica phytoliths

elodont teeth
continuously erupting

76
Q

Small Mammal Dental Disease: What type of teeth do Rodents have and what does this mean?

A

anelodont
short crowned and rooted teeth that do not grow

77
Q

Small Mammal Dental Disease: Describe the structure of rabbit teeth
- How do the teeth become chisel shaped?
- What is the benefit of this?

A

chisel shaped teeth
enamel fold

due to uneven wear

it creates a sharp cutting edge

78
Q

Small Mammal Dental Disease: What are ‘Peg teeth” in rabbits?
- Where are they located?
- What is their function? 2

A

2 extra tiny incisors

behind upper incisors

the lower incisors rest on them when at rest
they help with occlusion and wear

79
Q

Small Mammal Dental Disease: Rabbits
- State 2 quirks about rabbit teeth

A

the mandibular arcade is narrower than the maxillary arcade so the lingual edge of the maxillary teeth occlude with the buccal edge of the mandibular teeth

there is no crown-root demarcation so the whole tooth is considered a crown with the reserve crown sitting within the jaw

80
Q

Small Mammal Dental Disease: Rabbits
- Why is the Nasolacrimal duct important to consider in Rabbit dentistry? 2

A

it is closely associated with the teeth
so is prone to blockage, inflammation and infection

81
Q

Small Mammal Dental Disease: Guinea Pigs
- How are Guinea Pig teeth angled?
- What does this cause?

A

the maxillary teeth are angled outwards
the mandibular teeth are angled inwards

tongue entrapment

82
Q

Small Mammal Dental Disease: What 2 factors generally cause most dental disease in rabbits and rodents?
- Explain how

A

diet
breeding

not enough vegetation in diet
selective eating
sugary treats and fruit

brachycephalic conformation

83
Q

Small Mammal Dental Disease: State the types of dental disease in rabbit and rodents from most common to least common 3

A

acquired dental disease
congenital abnormalities
trauma

84
Q

Small Mammal Dental Disease: What does PSADD stand for in rabbits?
- State the various stages in this disease process 5

A

progressive syndrome of acquired dental disease

apical elongation
acquired malocclusions

85
Q

Small Mammal Dental Disease: Early stage PSADD in rabbits
- Describe how Apical Elongation occurs 2
- How can this lead to pathology? 2

A

eruption slows or stops due to reduced wear
so continuous growth causes apical elongation

can place pressure on the nasolacrimal duct and nerves
can penetrate bone on the ventral mandible

86
Q

Small Mammal Dental Disease: Intermediate stage PSADD in rabbits
- explain how acquired malocclusions (enamel spurs) form 3
- What is the problem with enamel spurs?

A

the teeth are too long so do not occlude properly
this means they do not wear properly
spurs form where the teeth do not meet

they can cause soft tissue damage
inflammation and pain

87
Q

Small Mammal Dental Disease: Late stage PSADD in rabbits
- What happens in the late stages of this disease? 3
- What do the first 2 lead to?

A

periodontal loosening leading to rotation of teeth
loss of alveolar bone leading to abscesses
teeth stop growing

88
Q

Dental Burring in Rabbits: When would you do this? 2
- What is the aim?
- What must you also do?
- State the equipment required for preparing the animal and explain what each is used for

A

incisor overgrowth
cheek teeth overgrowth

to remove any spikes and restore normal anatomy

correct the underlying cause

stand to position body and open mouth
mouth gag to open mouth
cheek dilators to widen the mouth

89
Q

Dental Burring: Describe the equipment used for the actually burring process

A

diamond burrs

90
Q

Small Mammal Dental Disease: How can you prevent this disease with diet changes? 5
- How else can you prevent this disease? 2

A

lots of grass
good quality hay
pellets not muesli
fibrous veg
root veg and fruit as treats

encourage gnawing behaviour
selective breeding and culling

91
Q
A

GI (6 decks)

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