Week 1 - 1/1 - Oral Cavity COMPLETE **** Flashcards
Salivary Glands: State the 4 major saliva glands in cats and dogs
parotid
zygomatic
mandibular
sublingual
Salivary Glands: Where else in the mouth are minor salivary glands found? 4
buccal mucosa
caudal third of tongue
labial mucosa
soft palate
Salivary Glands: How do Major salivary glands empty?
- What about minor ones?
via large ducts
via multiple short ducts opening close to the gland
Salivary Glands: Why do you get different viscosities of saliva from different salivary glands?
because the ratio of mucus to serous cells are different in different glands
Salivary Glands: What are the 2 pro-dominant cell types in a Gland?
- What does each cell type produce?
mucus cells or serous cells
mucus cell produce mucus
serous cells produce water and enzymes
Salivon: Where is the primary section made?
- After leaving this region, what happens to the saliva? 3
in the acinus by the mucus or serous epithelial cells
it is modified in the ducts
sodium and chloride ions are reabsorbed
bicarbonate and potassium is secreted into the saliva
Salivary Glands: Where int he salivary gland are the mucus or serous cells found?
in the acinus
Saliva: What composition of Saliva is water?
- what else does it contain? 3
99%
amylase
electrolytes
proteins
Salivon: What factors will influence the end product saliva? 3
the greater the volume produced the closer it will be to the primary secretion
the faster the flow through the salivon the less modification in the duct
the slower the flow the more modification in the duct
Salivary Glands: Describe the structure and functions of different components of the salivon 4
the acinus is surrounded by plasma cells secreting IgA
the intercalated duct secretes bicarbonate and absorbs chloride ions
the striated duct secretes potassium and bicarbonate and absorbs sodium ions
the secretory duct conveys the saliva to the mouth
Salivary Glands: Describe the secretion of the following glands:
- Parotid
- Mandibular
- Sublingual
mucus in dogs but serous in other species
mixed in dogs but serous in rodents
mixed in other species but mucus in rodents
What are some of the functions of saliva? 8
lubricating moistening food bolus and easing mastication
lubricating oral mucosa and removing food debris and microbes from mucosa and teeth
dissolve water soluble foods
carbohydrate digestion
buffering to keep oral pH at 7.5
thermoregulation in cats and dogs
antifoaming role to prevent frothy bloat
contains potassium thiocyanate with is oxidised to hypothiocyanate and is toxic to bacteria
Salivary Glands: How much saliva is formed per minute in cows when feeding?
- What term is given to hyper salivation?
30-50ml
ptyalism
Regulation: What nervous supplies regulate saliva secretion?
- Describe what Sympathetic supply does? 2
- Describe what parasympathetic supply does 2
sympathetic and parasympathetic
viscous saliva
less saliva
watery saliva
more salvia
Salivary Glands: In ruminants, what reflex stimulates salivary flow?
the presence of long fibre in the reticulum
Salivary Glands: How does sympathetic flow supply glands?
- What about parasympathetic flow? 3
via arterial supplies
via the trigeminal nerve
cranial nerve 7 supplies mandibular and sublingual
cranial nerve 9 supplies parotid and zygomatic
Salivary Glands: What do we call a swollen parotid gland in horses?
- Why might this happen?
parotiditis
after grazing on new grass
Parotid: Where does its duct run?
- Where does it open into the buccal mucosa?
from the cranio-medial surface of the gland across the master muscle
by the maxillary carnassial tooth
Zygomatic Gland: Where does its duct open into the buccal Mucosa?
opposite the upper first molar
Sublingual: What 2 sections can they be divided into?
- Describe each part
monostomatic part
polystomatic part
the monostomatic part has a long sublingual duct opening at the sublingual caruncle
the polystomatic part consists of serval lobules with independent short ducts opening sublingually near the frenulum
Swallowing: Describe the first stage of swallowing 3
tongue moves food around
masticated food and saliva form a plus
tongue pushes bolus up and back towards pharynx
Swallowing: Describe stage 2 of swallowing 3
the soft palate elevates closing the posterior nares
the epiglottis covers the larynx and trachea
breathing is suspended
Swallowing: Describe stage 3 of swallowing 5
the oesophagus dilates
the bolus passes up and over the larynx into the oesophagus
the oesophagus closes
the epiglottis uncovers the trachea
the bolus moves down the oesophagus into the stomach
Swallowing: Which stages of swallowing are voluntary?
- Which are involuntary?
- Compare regurgitation to vomiting
- For which animals is regurgitation normal for? 3
1
2 and 3
it is less active than vomiting
ruminants
birds feeding young
dogs feeding weaned pups
Teeth: What is the function of Incisors?
- Function of canines
- Function of Premolars and molars
nibbling and cutting
grasping and stabbing
crushing and shearing
Teeth: Define the following terminology-
- Labial
- Lingual
- Palatal
- Mesial
- Distal
- Occlusal
- cusps
- furcation
- coronal
- apical
cheek side
medial side of mandibular teeth
medial side of maxillary teeth
rostral side
caudal side
meeting surface of teeth
raised parts of the occlusal surface
where the roots come together
towards the tip of the crown
towards the root
Teeth: Define Homodont
- Define Heterodont
one type of tooth
different types of teeth
Teeth: What word describes Mammal teeth?
- What does this mean? 3
diphyodont
it means that they have 2 sets of teeth
the first set is the deciduous teeth
the second set is the permanent teeth
Teeth: For Mammals, what are the 4 types of teeth?
incisors
canines
premolars
molars
Teeth: State the 2 different types of tooth
brachydont
hypsodont
Carnivores: To move jaw sideways what muscles do they engage?
- What about the close jaw and crush? 2
pterygoideus muscles
masseter and temporalis muscle
Herbivores: Why do they have such large Pterygoideus muscles?
because they are working under load
Jaw: How are herbivore and carnivore vertical rami different and why? 2
herbivores have longer vertical ramus to give more occlusion
carnivores have a shorter vertical ramus to enable scissor action
Oral Cavity: What is another name for the gums?
- Describe its structure
gingiva
the oral mucosa is firmly attached to the underlying periosteum
Teeth: Enamel
- What is it mostly made of?
- Does it contain cells?
- what will it dissolve in?
hydroxyapatite
no it is acellular
acid
Teeth: Dentine
- Is this a living tissue?
- what cells does it contain and what do they do? 3
- What are the different types of dentine?
yes
odontoblasts
they produce dentine tubules
cytoplasmic processes occur
primary
secondary
tertiary
Teeth: Dentine
- What is primary dentine?
- When does it form?
- When does secondary dentine form?
- What effect does this have?
- What triggers tertiary dentine to form?
- Describe its structure
- What is its purpose?
mineralised collagen
as the tooth grows
after eruption on a daily basis
it makes the pulp smaller
damage
irregular structure
to fill in damage
Teeth: Pulp
- Where is pulp found?
- What does it contain? 3
- Why does it narrow with age?
- What name is given to the small canals present at the apex?
within the pulp cavity
blood vessels
lymph
nerves
due to secondary dentine deposition
apical delta
Teeth: Cementum
- What other structure is this similar to?
- For Brachydont teeth, where is it located?
- What about for Hypsodont?
- What is its function?
bone
peripheral to dentine below the cemento-enamel junction
completely covering the enamel
it is the site of attachment for periodontal fibres
Teeth: Root types
- What are the 2 different root types?
- Describe closed 3
- Describe open 2
open or closed
the root apex is closed off so teeth do not grow once formed
teeth erupt slowly and continuously in horses and cattle
teeth erupt to a fixed height in carnivores and omnivores
the root apex is open so teeth grow continuously
teeth continually grow and erupt
Periodeontium: What makes up the Periodontium?
alveolar bone
Gingiva: What type of cell makes up the gingiva?
- Describe its structure 2
- what is the consequence of this? 2
squamous epithelium
it is closely bound to the periosteum
it reflect at the cemento-enamel junction to form a pocket called the gingival sulcus
food debris can become trapped here
inflammation starts here
Periodontal Ligaments: Describe their structure
- what is their function? 2
angled collagen fibres
to support the tooth
act as a shock absorber by spreading the load into the whole socket
Tooth Eruption: What happens structurally as the tooth grows? 3
- What happens in mature teeth? 2
the primary dentine grows
the pulp remains large
the root is open
secondary dentine gradually replaces the pulp
the root is closed
Arterial Supply: Which artery supplies teeth of the upper arcade?
- What about the lower arcade?
the infraorbital artery
the inferior alveolar artery
Venous Drainage: Generally, which vein do most head veins eventually drain into?
the external jugular vein
Nerve Supply:
- State the main Maxilla nerve
- Where can you apply a nerve block?
- State which teeth this will block for each
intraorbital nerve
as it enters the maxillary foramen
all maxillary teeth
as it exists the maxillary foramen
all maxillary teeth except molars
Nerve Supply:
- State the main Mandibular nerve
- Where can you apply a nerve block?
- State which teeth this will block for each
mandibular nerve
as it enters the mandibular foramen
all mandibular teeth
as it exists the middle mental foramen
only incisors and canines
Temporo-mandibular Joint: What type of joint is this? 2
- What additional movement does it have? 2
- How come it has 2 synovial compartments?
synovial joint
hinge joint
lateral movement
rostro-caudal movement
because it has well a developed meniscus
Dental Formulae: For carnivores, what is the name of the teeth naming system?
modified triadan system
Dental Formulae: Describe how the Modified Triadan System works 3
- What will the 2nd and 3rd digits of Incisor teeth always be?
- What about for Canines?
- What about for premolars?
- What about for Carnassials?
each tooth has a 3 digit number
the first digit represents the quadrant
the second and third digits represent the tooth
01 02 03
04
05 06 07 08
09 10 11
Dental Formulae: How do the Quadrants work in the Modified Triadan system?
the maxilla and mandible are each split in half
the right maxilla is quadrant 1
the left maxilla is quadrant 2
the left mandible is quadrant 3
the right mandible is quadrant 4
Dental Formulae: Modified Triadan System
- What type of teeth are the upper carnassials?
- What is their number?
- What type of teeth are the lower carnassials?
- What is their number?
the last premolars
108 and 208
the first molars
309 and 409
Dental Formulae: Which teeth are rabbits missing on the upper jaw?
incisor 03
canine 04
premolar 05
Dental Formulae: How can you represent dental formula as a fraction? 2
- Why is this not as good as the modified Triadan System?
top of the fraction says number of incisors, canines, premolars and molars on the left side maxilla
bottom of the fraction says the same for the left side mandible
it doesn’t tell you which teeth are missing
Species Differences: Carnivores
- Type of teeth
- Describe eruption
- What jaw movement brings carnassials into action?
- How many teeth do dogs have?
- What about cats?
brachydont
erupt to a set height
lateral jaw movement
42
30
Species Differences: Carnivores
- Give the dental formula for dogs
- Give the dental formula for cats
3.1.4.2/3.1.4.3
3.1.3.1/3.1.2.1
Species Differences: Carnivores
- How does the lay out of pre-molars enable their function?
- How does the lay out of carnassial teeth enable their function?
they are staggered to enable gripping
they overlap to create cutting action
Species Differences: Carnivores
- For Dolicephalic breeds, how is there jaw structure different?
the mandible is shorter than the maxilla
Species Differences: Herbivores
- What type of teeth do they have?
- Which teeth are ‘cheek teeth’?
- What adaptations for cheek teeth have? 2
hypsodont
premolars and molars
they have a flat surface
they have folded enamel and dentine
Species Differences: Bovine and Ovine
- Which of their teeth are brachydont?
- Which of their teeth are Hypsodont?
incisors and canines
premolars and molars
Species Differences: Cows
- When do their incisors erupt?
- Do they have canines? 2
2 years old
no upper canines
lower canines have evolved to resemble incisors
Species Differences: Sheep
- When do their Adult incisors erupt?
- How can you estimate a sheep age?
1 year, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3-4 years
count the number of incisors
Species Differences: Equine
- state the formulae for the maximum number of teeth
- explain which ones might be there or might not be
3.1.4.3/3.1.4.3
stallions and many geldings have canines called tushes
a small 1st premolar may be present in the upper arcade
Species Differences: Equine
- What type of teeth are the incisors?
- How can you determine the age of a horse from their teeth?
- When do their incisors erupt? 3
hypsodont
based on wear patterns and eruption
01 erupts at 2.5 years
02 erupt at 3.5 years
03 erupts at 4.5 years
Species Differences: Equine
- Tushes
- What type of teeth are Tushes?
- Which teeth are possible wolf teeth?
brachydont
105 and 205
Species Differences: Equine
- What name is given to premolar and molars describing their folded enamel pattern?
lophodont
Species Differences: Pigs
- What descriptive word can be used to describe their teeth?
- What does this mean?
- How many teeth do they have?
- When are piglets teeth clipped?
bunodont
low rounded cusps
the maximum number 44
at 2-3 days old
Oral Microbiology: The Oral Mucosa serves as a habitat for a population of commensal bacteria.
- How does saliva benefit microbial growth? 2
- how does saliva help control bacteria populations?
provides a source of nutrition
helps aggregate bacteria
it contains antimicrobial factors
Oral Microbiology: Describe the development of plaque 6
glycoproteins are deposited on the tooth surface
pioneer species like streptococcus form micro colonies with the glycoproteins and respire aerobically
nutrition varies as flora varies allowing more bacteria to colonise
a thick biofilm forms
the thicker the biofilm, the less oxygen is available for the species at the bottom
anaerobic bacteria become established such as porphyromonas
Oral Microbiology: How does Gingivitis and Periodontal disease develop? 5
plaque develops which changes the microenvironment
anaerobic bacteria can establish
mineral deposition can occur
sub-gingival deposits and growth will trigger inflammation
bacteria also secrete enzymes which weaken tissue and cause more damage
Oral Microbiology: How is an anaerobic environment created? 3
oxygen diffuses into the plaque
it is used for bacterial respiration
this develops an anaerobic environment
Oral Microbiology: Define Plaque
- What is calculus?
- How does it form?
a biofilm that builds up on the teeth
calcified dental plaque
mineralised phosphates are deposited around the bacteria
Oral Microbiology: How does dental decay occur? 2
increasing acids causes local demineralisation
or it can be immune mediated
Oral Microbiology: How so Feline Odontoclastic Resorptive lesions occur? 6
there is chronic accumulation of microorganisms
endothelial and epithelial cells produce cytokines
these stimulate odontoclast activity
cytokines attract stem cells to the sulcus area
these stem cells become odontoblasts
odontoblasts dissolve mineralised tissue
Oral Microbiology: Bacteria
For the following oral bacteria, state their gram status and possibly respiration status
- Streptococcus
- Actinomyces
- Neisseria
- Porphyromonas
gram positive
facultative anaerobes
gram positive
gram negative
aerobic respiration
gram negative
anaerobic respiration
Oral Microbiology: Cat Bite Abscess
- Describe abscess formation 3
- what colour is the goop?
- What are the anaerobic organisms?
it is a collection of trapped bacteria and cell debris
it is a defence reaction of the tissue to prevent spread of infection
there is an inflammatory response attracting lymphocytes and increasing regional blood flow
creamy white
malodorous
Oral Microbiology: Yeasts
- Which species are common in causing opportunities infections in the oral cavity? 2
Candida albicans
candida tropicalis
Oral Microbiology: State 2 diseases seen in Cows
- State the bacteria that causes each
lumpy jaw
actinomyces bovis
wooden tongue
actinobacillus lignieresii
Small Mammal Dental Disease: How is grass abrasive?
- What type of teeth do rabbits have and what does this mean?
it contains large amounts of silica phytoliths
elodont teeth
continuously erupting
Small Mammal Dental Disease: What type of teeth do Rodents have and what does this mean?
anelodont
short crowned and rooted teeth that do not grow
Small Mammal Dental Disease: Describe the structure of rabbit teeth
- How do the teeth become chisel shaped?
- What is the benefit of this?
chisel shaped teeth
enamel fold
due to uneven wear
it creates a sharp cutting edge
Small Mammal Dental Disease: What are ‘Peg teeth” in rabbits?
- Where are they located?
- What is their function? 2
2 extra tiny incisors
behind upper incisors
the lower incisors rest on them when at rest
they help with occlusion and wear
Small Mammal Dental Disease: Rabbits
- State 2 quirks about rabbit teeth
the mandibular arcade is narrower than the maxillary arcade so the lingual edge of the maxillary teeth occlude with the buccal edge of the mandibular teeth
there is no crown-root demarcation so the whole tooth is considered a crown with the reserve crown sitting within the jaw
Small Mammal Dental Disease: Rabbits
- Why is the Nasolacrimal duct important to consider in Rabbit dentistry? 2
it is closely associated with the teeth
so is prone to blockage, inflammation and infection
Small Mammal Dental Disease: Guinea Pigs
- How are Guinea Pig teeth angled?
- What does this cause?
the maxillary teeth are angled outwards
the mandibular teeth are angled inwards
tongue entrapment
Small Mammal Dental Disease: What 2 factors generally cause most dental disease in rabbits and rodents?
- Explain how
diet
breeding
not enough vegetation in diet
selective eating
sugary treats and fruit
brachycephalic conformation
Small Mammal Dental Disease: State the types of dental disease in rabbit and rodents from most common to least common 3
acquired dental disease
congenital abnormalities
trauma
Small Mammal Dental Disease: What does PSADD stand for in rabbits?
- State the various stages in this disease process 5
progressive syndrome of acquired dental disease
apical elongation
acquired malocclusions
Small Mammal Dental Disease: Early stage PSADD in rabbits
- Describe how Apical Elongation occurs 2
- How can this lead to pathology? 2
eruption slows or stops due to reduced wear
so continuous growth causes apical elongation
can place pressure on the nasolacrimal duct and nerves
can penetrate bone on the ventral mandible
Small Mammal Dental Disease: Intermediate stage PSADD in rabbits
- explain how acquired malocclusions (enamel spurs) form 3
- What is the problem with enamel spurs?
the teeth are too long so do not occlude properly
this means they do not wear properly
spurs form where the teeth do not meet
they can cause soft tissue damage
inflammation and pain
Small Mammal Dental Disease: Late stage PSADD in rabbits
- What happens in the late stages of this disease? 3
- What do the first 2 lead to?
periodontal loosening leading to rotation of teeth
loss of alveolar bone leading to abscesses
teeth stop growing
Dental Burring in Rabbits: When would you do this? 2
- What is the aim?
- What must you also do?
- State the equipment required for preparing the animal and explain what each is used for
incisor overgrowth
cheek teeth overgrowth
to remove any spikes and restore normal anatomy
correct the underlying cause
stand to position body and open mouth
mouth gag to open mouth
cheek dilators to widen the mouth
Dental Burring: Describe the equipment used for the actually burring process
diamond burrs
Small Mammal Dental Disease: How can you prevent this disease with diet changes? 5
- How else can you prevent this disease? 2
lots of grass
good quality hay
pellets not muesli
fibrous veg
root veg and fruit as treats
encourage gnawing behaviour
selective breeding and culling
