Nutrition 2 - Week 9 Flashcards
State the 3 main nutrient in Small Animal nutrition
protein
fat
carbohydrate
Proteins: How many amino acids are used in animal protein?
- how many amino acids are essential for dogs?
- how many are essential for cats?
21
10
11
Proteins: Which essential amino acid do cats need that dogs don’t?
- where is it found?
- what is it required for? (4)
- what can a taurine deficiency in cats lead to?
taurine
in animal tissues
tissue growth and repair
manufacture of hormones and enzymes
immune system
energy source
dilated cardiomyopathy which can be reversed if taurine is reintroduced
Proteins: State some foods which are high in protein (6)
egg
beef
lamb
pork
chicken
liver
Fat: State 3 general functions of lipids
provide energy
aids the absorption of fat soluble vitamins A D E and K
supplies essential fatty acids
Carbohydrates: State 3 types of carbohydrate
simple sugars
starches
fibre
Fat: Is fat more energy dense than protein?
- where do they need to obtain these fats from?
- which essential fatty acids do both dogs and cats need?
- which essential fatty acid do cats also require and where do they obtain it from?
yes
their protein source
linolenic acid which is synthesised from linoleic
arachidonic acid from animal tissue
Carbohydrates: Give an example of a simple sugar and where its found
glucose found in fruits
Carbohydrates: Give 2 examples of starch molecules
- where are they found (6)
- do cats and dogs really need carbohydrates?
amylose
glycogen
potatoes
oats
rice
barley
wheat
corn
no as they are better equipped to use proteins and fats as their energy source
What is a complete and balanced diet?
a diet where an animal has consumed enough energy to meet its energy requirements as well as the correct amount of all other essential nutrients needed for good health
Carbohydrates: Give 4 examples of Fibre
- what are fibres good for? (2)
- how does their structure affect their digestion and function?
bran
cellulose
beet pulp
psyllium husk
promoting and regulating normal bowel function
providing fuel for enterocytes in the colon
they are resistant to mammalian digestive enzymes so are broken down by fermentation by microbes in the colon, feeding the enterocytes here
Which European regulatory body is in control of commercial pet food production?
- what do they provide?
FEDIAF
a guide on the legal levels of vitamins and minerals for pet food
What are complementary foods?
foods which individually are not sufficient to meet all the nutritional requirements of a dog or cat in a single meal as they have no added supplements
Give examples of Complementary foods bought form a store (3)
- give examples of complementary foods from the owner (2)
mixer biscuits
certain tinned meats
bag of treats
human food
vitamin and mineral supplements
State 3 broad areas we look at when creating and implementing a suitable feeding regime for a patient
patient assessment
feeding plan
monitoring
Patient Assessment: What do we do in this stage?
- what is this assessment based off? (7)
we determine the patients key nutritional factor and their energy levels
signalment
reproductive status
age
physical examination
weight
MCS
BCS
Comparing foods: What does ‘As fed or Guaranteed’ mean?
- what is it expressed as on the packet?
the nutrients as a percentage of the food including water
as a percentage or amount of nutrients per kg of food
Feeding Plan: What happens during this phase? (2)
make a recommendation based on patient assessment findings
think about food and feeding methods
Monitoring: What should be done for this phase and why? (3)
repeat the previous steps regularly to maintain long term health
adjust feeding guide to maintain optimum condition
offer the client complimentary diet checks with the nurse and incentives
Comparing foods: What is dry matter?
- what is it expressed as on the packet?
- how have the percentages different from that of ‘as fed/guaranteed’?
the nutrients as a percentage after the water has been removed
as a percentage or amount of nutrients per kg of food dry matter
the percentages of nutrients often increases in dry matter as the nutrients are making up a larger percentage of the feed once the water has been removed
Comparing foods: As fed protein is said to be 10%.The can says 80% is moisture.
- What percentage is dry matter?
- What percentage does this mean the protein is as Dry Matter?
20%
50%
Comparing foods: For dry food, does it contain more or less water than wet food?
- If the protein as fed is 10% and there is 7% water, how much dry matter is there?
- What percentage of dry matter is protein?
- How does this compare with wet food?
93%
10.7%
the nutrient percentage difference between as fed and dry matter is less significant in dry food than in wet food
Give 4 advantages of Wet complete food
- Give 3 disadvantages of wet complete food
increased acceptability
easier to digest
increased water intake
can be higher in animal source proteins and animal fat
contains less nutrients per 100g
more must be fed to satisfy energy and nutritional needs
linked to increased dental disease
Give 3 Advantages of Dry complete food
- Give 4 disadvantages of Dry complete food
more nutrients per 100g
less food required to satisfy energy and nutritional requirements
acceptability is reduced when fed alone
low water content
availability of fatty acids may be limited
can become rancid quickly depending on fat additives if not stored correctly
State 3 alternative diets (other than dry and wet)
RAW
BARF
homemade
Weight Loss Clincs: How can you manage weight gain, in animals? (2)
educate owner - in how energy works and teach them to manage their pets diet based on their activity levels
maybe a change in diet and lifestyle to help reverse the situation
Give some reasons why animals are being fed an unsuitable diet? (5)
poor quality diet
owners feeding too much of a diet
high fat content
additional complementary feeds being given on top of normal dietary intake
inadequate exercise
State some of the possible problems associated with feeding inappropriate diets e.g. excess energy
could lead to obesity, arthritis and other medical conditions
Generally, why do animals gain weight? (2)
owners are feeding to much food compared to their activity level
a cheap nutritionally unbalanced diet is being used
What are some of the problems associated with feeding an animal less energy than required? (6)
weight loss
nutrient deficiencies
poor growth in young animals
lactation failure
poor wound healing or recovery from illness
ongoing disease for example IBD or exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
Weight Loss Clinics: State 7 ways of changing food to help animal loose weight
reduce calories
reduce carbohydrates
higher insoluble fibre
added L-carnitine for fat mobilisation
reduced overall dietary fats
increased exercise to the patients capability
increase protein and decrease carbohydrate in cats
Weight Loss Clinics: How do we monitor the progress of a patient?
- how much weight per week is safe to lose in dogs?
- What about in cats?
schedule regular visits to reassess the patient
3% body weight
2% body weight
Dental Disease: Does diet play a big role in dental disease?
- How can we prevent it?
- Will dietary changes help teeth with huge amounts of tartar and plaque build up?
no, dental care plays a bigger role
regular home care
no
Dental Disease: Which diets can increase the likelihood of cavity formation without brushing?
- what can you give to young animals to help slow the formation of tartar and why does it work?
high sugar diet
exclusively wet food diet
100% biscuits due to crunching
State the stages of energy usage starting with Gross energy intake from food (5)
gross energy
digestible energy and faecal energy
metabolisable energy and urine and gas energy
net energy and heat increment
production and maintenance
What is the Resting Energy Requirement? (RER)
- give the equation for an animal over 2kg
give the equation for an animal under 2kg
the number of calories required for maintaining homeostasis in a thermo-neutral environment while at rest
(30x weight) + 70
70 x (weight)^0.75
What is the Daily Energy Requirement? (DER)
- how do you calculate it?
the daily requirement for an animal in each part of its life stages
RER x life stage factor
Do we feed an overweight dog for its current weight or its ideal weight?
- how can you calculate its ideal body weight? (3)
its ideal weight
each body condition score after 5 is an additional 10% overweight
divide current body weight by 1.1,1.2,1.3 or 1.4 depending on current BCS
where BCS 6 is 1.1 and BCS 9 is 1.4
For which patients would we feed RER not DER?
a hospitalised or sick patient
State a helpful resource we can use to assess BCS
- why is the 9 point BCS better than the 5 point BCS?
royal canin BCS sheet
it provides a broader spectrum to condition the animals down to
State the Life Stage Factor for:
- Entire dog
- Neutered dog
- Obese prone and senior
1.8
1.6
1.4
How do we know how much to feed?
- are supplements necessary?
- What should we avoid when changing food?
- Over what period of time should we change food?
the manufacturers guidelines
not necessary if the food is complete and balanced
sudden diet changes
7-10 days
Give examples of types of foods that exist for different types of cat (5)
indoor cat
neutered male and female
hairball control
skin and stomach sensitivities
breed specific
Give examples of types of foods that exist for different types of dog (5)
active or working dog
neutered male and female
vegetarian
skin and stomach sensitivities
breed specific
When should puppies and kitten be weaned?
- when should weaning be completed?
- What foods should you feed the weaned puppies and kittens?
- What should be regularly done?
4-8 weeks old
10 weeks old
a commercially available diet designed for puppies or kittens
assessing the puppy or kittens weight, BCS and recalculating their feeding accordingly.
Describe the ideal growth and weight gain of a puppy or kitten
- how long can it take some breeds to achieve adult weight?
- What about large breeds?
they should be gaining weight at a steady rate
9 months
18 months
What are some of the risk of feeding Puppies or Kittens a RAW or homemade diet? (4)
rickets
growth deformities
heart problems from taurine deficiency
vitamin deficiencies
Adult Dogs: What food should you choose?
- When should you switch from puppy food?
- When should you switch to senior food?
a complete balanced diet suitable for the size of breed
12-15 months depending on size of breed
5-7 years depending on size of breed
Adult Cats: How much more protein do cats need compared to dogs?
- State 3 nutrients they need that are ONLY found in animal tissues
- Give 2 diseases a Taurine deficiency can lead to?
1.5-2 times
taurine
arachidonic acid
pre formed vitamin A
cardiomyopathy
irreversible blindness
Urinary Health: How can some diets decrease the risk of FLUTD in cats? (Feline lower urinary tract disease) (2)
- What are struvite stones made from? (2)
- What do diets overall aim to do to help prevent crystal formation?
controlled level of magnesium and phosphorus
increased water content
magnesium ammonium phosphate
calcium carbon apatite
maintain urine PH at 6.2-6.4 by controlling mineral content
What are some of the disease risks, that senior foods try to manage, for Geriatric Patients? (4)
renal disease
liver disease
dibetes
urinary disease
List and explain some of the diet changes for Senior cats and dogs (7)
high digestibility - to enable nutrient absorption in smaller meals and reduce wastage
excellent palatability - as taste and smell is reduced in older pets
high in antioxidants - to reduce free radical damage
increased fibre - to promote normal intestinal motility
moderate protein intake - to maintain lean body mass while avoiding exacerbation of sub clinical renal disease
avoid excess sodium intake - as they are more susceptible to chronic diseases associated with hypertension
reduced phosphorus - to slow progression of subclinical renal disease
Working Dogs: How are their nutritional demands different? (2)
- why do they need more fat? (2)
- what can be added to help prevent muscle injury?
require more calories
require more fat
to increase the amount of easily accessible energy
to allow a higher energy intake in small meals
antioxidants
Working Dogs: Which nutrient do the following types of working/active dog require more of?
- Sprint athlete
- endurance athlete
- When should they be fed? (2)
- What should they be provided with during prolonged exercise?
carbohydrate
fat
small amounts before activity
main meal after exercise
food and water
Sensible Feeding Regimes: How many meals per day is normal for a dog?
- How are cats different?
- How can we accommodate for cats?
- How can you accommodate multiple cats in a household?
- How can you accommodate biscuit gobblers?
1-2
they like to come and go and feed frequently
multiple feeds
electronic bowls with food in all day
individual feed stations
enrichment
Why is assisted feeding important if an animal hasn’t eaton in 12-24 hours?
the intestinal villi will start to die
this will reduce the absorptive rate of any food
Why is it important to not let an animal gorge on food if for whatever reason they haven’t eaton in a couple days? (e.g. locked in a shed) (2) - explain the first one
they can develop re feeding syndrome
where a surge in insulin and rapid change in hormones causes severe clinical signs
they are at risk of developing fatty liver disease especially if they’ve been starved
When is an animal classed as Anorexic?
- Give and explain an example of anticipated anorexia
where an animal does not eat for 12-24 hours
post jaw surgery - we can anticipate that the animal will not want to or be able to eat for a few days
State 6 reasons for considering assisted feeding
anorexia
anticipated anorexia
concerns regarding weight loss or malnutrition
increased losses
increased requirements
bypass precipice areas of GI tract
Give an example of what we mean by “increased losses”
- Give examples of how these losses can occur (4)
protein loss
burns
renal disease
liver disease
chronic diarrhoea
Give examples of when an animal has ‘increased requirements’ (2)
sepsis
extensive wound healing
Do we bypass healthy bits of the GI tract or just broken sections of the GI tract?
just the broken sections as they heal
It is well documented that early attention to nutrition may avoid complications associated with reduced calorie intake, shorten hospitalisation times and aid recovery
Should we syringe feed?
- why (2)
no
force feeding can cause food aversion
rabbits are at a higher risk of aspiration due to the stress of syringe feeding
When hand feeding:
- Where is best to avoid hand feeding patients?
- why
in their kennel
this is their safe, relaxation and sleep zone so hand feeding them here can cause stress and food aversions
State the 3 main types of Assisted Feeding Tubes
nato-oesophageal
oesophagostomy
percutaneous endoscopic gastronomy
Naso-oesophageal Tubes: Describe its placement
- Where is it usually best to stop the end of the tube and why?
- Is it well tolerated?
- Is any anaesthetic required? if so, where
the tube is passed into the nose
into the back of the oropharynx
into the oesophagus
before the cardiac sphincter to avoid oesophagitis from gastric acid splashing into oesophagus
yes
local anaesthetic on the nose
Naso-oesophageal Tube:
- How long can it stay in place?
- What should we do if the animal still needs assisted feeding after this timeframe?
- Is it expensive? Why?
- Can the animal be sent home with it in?
- What is the main risk?
3-5 days
consider switching to a different type of tube
relatively cheap because only a small amount of local anaesthetic is used
Yes if the owner is well educated
it can become dislodged and lead food into the trachea
Oesophagostomy:
- How is this tube placed?
- How long can it be left in?
- is it well tolerated?
- Is it expensive? Why?
the tube enters the oesophagus through an incision on the left hand side of the neck
3-4 weeks
generally
more expensive than an NO tube as general anaesthetic is required to place it
Oesophagostomy:
- Can animal we sent home with it in? (2)
- How does the tube size compare to a NO tube?
- What is the biggest risk with this type of tube?
yes if the owner is well taught
and able to keep incision site clean and change dressings
bigger tube so can feed more
infection
PEG Tube:
- How is this tube placed?
- Is anaesthetic required?
- What is the delay between tube placement and being able to use it?
- Why is there a delay?
- How long can it be left in place?
it is placed into the stomach through an incision in the body wall
yes general anaesthetic is required
7-14 days
to allow time for the tube to heal into the body wall to minimise the risk of stomach juices leaking into the abdominal cavity
months
PEG Tube:
- Can the animal go home?
- Give an example of a disorder you would use this tube to treat
- What is the advantage in terms of type of food for this tube over the other 2?
- Why is it so expensive? (3)
yes the owner must be taught how to use it
megaoesophagus
this tube is wider so can accommodate most types of food blended up
general anaesthetic used
more equipment required to place it
more technically demanding procedure
State the name of the 4th type of assisted feeding tube that is less commonly used.
enterostomy tube
What foods can we use in the tubes? (3)
liquid foods
specific clinical liquid diets
critical care diets
How can we calculate how much food to feed the patient?
- Can very liquid food be administered another way?
- What does the decided feeding regime need to fit around? (2)
calculate the RER of the patient
find the kcal per ml of the food you are using
give 10-15ml per kg per meal
can be given via continuous rate infusion
the animal
clinic working hours
State and explain some of the common problems with feeding tubes (5)
blockages
dislodging of the tube
trauma to the site of tube or the tube itself
infection
over-granulation
What is Over-granulation?
where the tissues start to heal over the tube before you want it to
What are the main causes for the problems associated with feeding tubes? (4)
not flushing the tube
coughing, sneezing, vomiting
chewing, biting, pawing at the tube
poor care of the surgical site
Feeding the critical patient:
- What should you do before each tube feed?
- How much of the RER should you give on day 1?
- What about on day 2?
- What about on day 3?
offer the patient food
1/3
2/3
entire RER
Managing the critical patient:
- What records should you keep? (5)
the weight of the patient each morning, afternoon and evening
the quantity of food and water given
a note of how well the feed was tolerated
a note when the dressings and stomas need changing or cleaning
a clear feeding plan
When feeding through a feeding tube, what temperature should the food and water be given at?
- Why is it best to not use a microwave?
- how best do you get the food to this ideal temperature?
body temperature
as it can lead to heat spots
take the food out well in advance to warm it to room temperature
