week 04 Flashcards
Obstructive Pulmonary Alterations
what does A.S.T.H.M.A stand for
- A: adrenergic (beta 2 agonists, albuterol)
- S:steroids
- T: theophylline
- H: hydration (IV)
- M: mask (O2)
- A: anticholinergics
what are some bronchodilators
- SASB/LABA
- anticholinergics
- theophylline (narrow therapeutic range)
what do diuretics do and how
- treat lung conditions that involve fluid buildup
- work by decreasing pressure in the lungs caused by excess fluid in the heart and lungs and making it easier to breath
what are some examples of diuretics
lasix, bumex
what does antitussive medications do
reduces or suppresses coughing by inhibiting the cough reflex
what are some examples of antitussives
dextromethorphan, codeine, benzonatate
what does expectorants do
clears mucus from the airways by increasing the water content to make it less sticky and make your cough more productive
example of an expectorant
guaifenesin
what does antihistamines do
block histamine response
examples of 1st generation antihistamines
- Benadryl, chlo-trimeton
examples of 2nd generation antihistamines
Zyrtec, Claritin, allegra
which generation of antihistamine causes drowsiness
1st generation
what does short acting beta 2 agonists (SABAs) do, example
provide quick relief from acute asthma symptoms
ventolin
what does long acting beta 2 agonist (LABAs) do, example
used for long term control and maintenance
salmeterol
what does anticholinergics do, examples
help prevent the muscles around the airways from tightening
spiriva, atrovent
what does methylxanthines do, example
less commonly used but can help relax he muscles around the airways
theophylline
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) pathophysiology
irreversible ling and airway damage that obstructs your airway and makes it harder to breath
if you are diagnosed with emphysema or chronic bronchitis what is that equivalent to
COPD
what happens to fingers and toes with COPD patients
clubbing
doing what with your lips can make breathing easier with COPD
pursing your likes like you’re blowing a kiss while breathing
blue bloater describes what condition
chronic bronchitis
pink puffer describes what condition
emphysema
chronic bronchitis symptoms
- chronic productive cough
- purulent sputum
- hemoptysis (d/t hypoxemia)
- peripheral edema (d/t cor pulmonale)
- crackles, wheezing
- prolonged expiration
- obese
chronic bronchitis complications
- secondary polycythemia vera d/t hypoxemia
- pulmonary hypertension d/t reactive vasoconstriction from hypoxemia
- cor pulmonale from chronic pulmonary hypertension
emphysema symptoms
- dyspnea
- minimal cough
- increased minute ventilation
- pink skin, pursed lip breathing
- accessory muscle use
- cachexia
- hyperinflation, barrel chest
- decreased breathing sounds
- tachycardia
emphysema complications
- pneumothorax due to bullae
- weight loss d/t work of breathing
what happens to alveoli with emphysema
destroyed
what is coronary pulmonale
right sided heart failure d/t high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries caused from chronic lung disease
causes of cor pumlonale
COPD, PE, pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis, OSA
what medication is the first line of treatment for cor pumlonale
endothelin receptor antagonist (Bosentan)
endothelin receptor antagonist adverse effects
liver damage, pain or tenderness in upper stomach, pale stool, dark urine, loss of appetite, n/v, yellowing of skin or eyes
what medication has special instructions to treat certain kinds of pulmonary hypertension
prostacyclin agonist (Treprostinil)
when and how often should you take prostacyclin agonists
when you wake up and no more than every 4 hours
prostacyclin agonist adverse effects
SOA, fainting, dizziness, diarrhea, flushing
what does PDE-5 medications (sildenafil, tadalafil, avanafil) do
relaxes blood vessels in the lungs to allow blood to flow easily, also treats ED
how often can you take PDE-5 medications
no more than once a day
what can you NOT eat while taking PDE-5 medications
grapefruit/juice
PDE-5 medication adverse effects
headache, flushing, dyspesia, abnormal vision, nasal congestion, back pain, nausea, dizziness, rash
PDE-5 medications end in what suffix
fil
what does calcium channel blockers do
treat conditions of the heart and blood vessels such as hypertension, angina, some abnormal heart rhythms, and raynaud’s phenomenon
calcium channel blocker adverse effects
ankle swelling, flushing, palpations, constipation, dizziness, fatigue
examples of calcium channel blockers
- amlodipine (norvasc)
- diltiazem (cardizem)
- felodipine
- nicardipine
- nisoldipine (sular)
- verapamil (verelan)
cystic fibrosis pathophysiology
caused by mutations in the CFTR gene which affects the movement of salt and water out of the cell
what happens to the skin with cystic fibrosis
salty taste
laryngeal cancer pathophysiology
squamous cell carcinoma (SSC), genetic mutations, dysplasia (abnormal cells develop in the lining of the larynx), invasion (cancer cells invade surrounding tissues), metastasis, lymphatic spread to distant organs
symptoms of laryngeal cancer
depends on location, referred ear pain, late signs, difficult or painful swallowing, dyspnea, noisy breathing, severe hoarseness, hemoptysis, mass or growth on the neck
