webquiz help Flashcards
Which of the following statements about habituation is true?
a. Habituation occurs in all animal species.
b. Habituation is a simple form of associative learning.
c. Habituation occurs only with extensive instrumental practice.
d. All of the above
A
Habituation is becoming used to something to point you dont even realise it
Darwin’s theory of evolution assumes that … changes through evolution
both physiology and mental capacities in animals and humans
Escape is said to occur when a subject
experiences an aversive event and then engages in a behaviour that removes that event
Avoidance is said to occur when a subject
responds to a signal for an aversive event and thereby prevents the aversive event from occurring
Sam’s athletic club gives current members a credit for one month’s membership fees for every two new members they refer to the club. To date, Sam has earned three months of credit on his athletic club fees. The club then decides to discontinue this membership credit program, and Sam’s referrals quickly decline to zero. This change in Sam’s behavior is most likely due to…
extinction
In general, classical and instrumental learning occur most readily when
a. the time between R-S* or S-S* is short.
b. the time between R-S* or S-S* is long.
c. the size or intensity of the S* is large.
d. the size or intensity of the S* is small.
e. Both a and c
Both a and c
A negative contingency is a situation in which
a CS but not a US will occur
The Rescorla-Wagner model emphasizes the importance of
the surprisingness of the US
The term “asymptote” is used to refer to the
upper limit of the learning curve
According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, if the _______, then no conditioning of associative strength will occur
a. salience of the CS is zero
b. salience of the US is zero
c. US is not biologically significant
d. a or b
a or b
According to the Rescorla-Wagner model’s assumptions about CS salience (a), if two neutral stimuli (light with an a =. 8 and tone with an a =. 4) are put in compound and paired with a shock
on each conditioning trial the light will acquire more associative strength than the tone
In a third-grade classroom, Carla became an aversive excitatory stimulus to Kelly because she often embarrassed her in front of other pupils. In the fourth grade, Kelly and Carla are again in the same class, but the new teacher will not tolerate abusive behavior. After six weeks, Kelly is no longer made anxious by Carla’s presence. When Kelly later joins a soccer team, and finds that Carla belongs to the same team. According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, Kelly is likely to _______ about Carla’s presence on the team.
a. feel a little anxious
b. feel a little excited
c. be unconcerned
d. be surprised
a. a little anxious
The Rescorla-Wagner model emphasizes the importance of the _______, whereas the Mackintosh model emphasizes the importance of the _______.
US; CS
The confusion of a young child who can recognize many common birds (e.g., robins, cardinals, blue jays, gold finches, etc.) as birds, but is stumped when presented with a picture of an exotic-looking peacock, illustrates the _______ theoretical approach to concept learning
EXEMPLAR
Which of the following findings about time cognition is false?
a. Biological clocks operate according to a repeating cycle, even when environmental cues are constant or unchanging.
b. Changing environmental cues can reset or change the cycling of biological clocks.
c. Cognition of time is regulated by biological clocks in animals and by external environmental cues in humans.
d. Biological clocks are readily entrained by external cues and can be
adjusted in a relatively short period of time.
c. Cognition of time is regulated by biological clocks in animals and by external environmental cues in humans
What aspect of the honeybee dance means that it could be considered to be a language?
It refers to something that is displaced in space
What mechanism could explain how animals learn words?
Operant conditioning
It is important to ensure that reasoning tasks can’t be solved ______
perceptually
Analogical reasoning relies on past experiences
True or false?
True
When looking at reasoning tasks, it is important to know about
Training history of the animal
What sort of animals show abilities in transitive inferences?
social animals
Humans yawning is an example of what?
Social facilitation
True imitation involves copying all actions, including unnecessary ones
True or False?
True
As seen in Thornton and McAuliffe (2006), what evidence shows that there is a cost to a teacher
Sacrifice of food
Takes time
Subjects who learn a concept by distinguishing characteristics that are associated with reinforcement from those that are not, are illustrations of the _______ theory
feature
From which cognitive theory is Barch & Ceaser’s (2012) model of impaired proactive control in individuals with schizophrenia derived?
Dual Mechanisms of control
Describe a few differences between positive, negative and cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia taking different aspects into account (TIMING and MED)
Timing
Positive symptoms dominant in early phases
Negative and cogn. symptoms usually persist in later phases
Medication
Pos. symptoms can be treated more effectively with antipsychotics
In relation to decision making name two different evidence accumulation models
Homogenous model
Heterogenous model
What is the most likely neuroanatomical origin of the urgency signal?
basal ganglia
fMRI overview
worse temporal resolution than EEG, ERP, MEG
High spatial resolution
EEG overview
Low spatial resolution
High temporal resolution
Describe, in a couple of sentences, the process of excitotoxicity
Excitotoxicity occurs as a consequence of excessive amount of glutamate being released.
Decrease in blood flow results in disruption of ion homeostasis leading to excess glutamate release.
Excess levels of glutamate are toxic – though activating NMDA receptors and further mechanisms of cell death
Explain in a few sentences why acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, e.g. Aricept, may be prescribed to a patient diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease
Alzheimer’s disease is associated with a depletion of acetylcholine (in terms of neurotransmitter levels)
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors – inhibit action of cholinesterase enzymes (which normally break down acetylcholine)
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors – boost activity of acetylcholine (prolonging its action at synapses)
Acetylcholine is involved in learning and memory – functions that are impaired in Alzheimer’s.
Which element of the Rescorla and Wagner (1972) represents the strength of the association when learning is complete
λ (lambda
Which phenomenon cannot be accommodated by the Rescorla and Wagner model?
Blocking.
Overshadowing.
One-trial overshadowing.
Pavlovian inhibition.
One-trial overshadowing
Which phenomenon cannot be accommodated by the Rescorla and Wagner model?
Blocking.
Overshadowing.
Downshift unblocking.
Pavlovian inhibition.
Downshift unblocking
According to Wagner’s SOP model, on the second trial in a Pavlovian conditioning experiment, when is the association between the representations of the CS and the UCS first updated?
During the onset of CS
What does the term ‘priming’ mean in Wagner’s SOP model?
The transition of stimulus elements into their A2 states.
According to Wagner’s SOP model what will be the result of the CS’s and UCS’s representational elements being simultaneously in their A2 states?
No change in either excitatory or inhibitory associative strength from the CS to the UCS.
According to Wagner’s SOP model what will be the result of the CS’s representational elements being in their A1 states while the UCS’s representational elements are in their A2 states?
An increase in inhibitory associative strength from the CS to the UCS.
Describe the general action of Benzodiazepines, their usefulness in treating anxiety disorders and the disadvantages (3 marks)
Action - Benzodiazepines bind to a specific site in the GABA-A receptor and increase GABA activity (which is inhibitory).
Usefulness - The anxiolytic effects of BDZs in particular brain regions (limbic cortex and prefrontal cortex) are effective for the treatment of anxiety, unlike the effects of other drugs that also bind to the receptor but produce undesired effects such as hypnosis.
Disadvantages - BDZs are safe to use for short periods, but people who take them for long periods can develop tolerance and dependence (associated with withdrawal syndrome when use is stopped).
