Neuroscience Methods I Flashcards

1
Q

MRI spatial resolution is good enough to…

A

distinguish within cortical maps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

MRI considerably better than…

A

the spatial resolution achieved by EEG-based methods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What would be an ideal method?

(not method just measures)

A
  • spatial resolution at the cellular level
    • temporal resolution on a millisecond scale
    • allows to study the whole brain studied simultaneously, in a non-invasive method?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Relatively wide output layers are typical of

A

brain areas like primary motor cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cytoarchitectonics

A

anatomical method based on segmenting the brain according to its appearance under the microscope

characterized by its very fine spatial resolution

structural information only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Brodmann areas 3,1, and 2.

A

wide layer IV - seen in primary somatosensory cortex, postcentral gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Brodmann area 4

A

A wide layer V and a thin layer IV - typical of primary motor cortex in the precentral gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

unusual for cytoarchitectonic studies to include large numbers of brains as;

A

time-and labour-intensive process. Only studies with larger numbers of participants allow to study inter-individual variation in cytoarchitectonics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation/TMS

A

millisecond temporal resolution like EEG-based methods

like fMRI can resolve within cortical maps

TMS can only be applied to a single location at any given time point

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

TMS is useful to study

A
  1. behaviour during experimentally controlled “virtual brain lesions” which are fully reversible,
    1. chronometryin brain activation,
    2. functional connectivity.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How to measure effects of TMS?

A

Frontal cortex stimulation
Auditory cortex stimulation
Motor cortex stimulation
Occipital cortex stimulation
Somatosensory cortex stimulation

FAMOS
…. cortex stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Disadvantages of Hamilton TMS blind study

A

the advantages of TMS only become apparent in a study with clearly defined hypotheses (can’t study whole brain, only specific locations) and the experimental setup can be quite complicated

Small number of participants, though.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Advantages of Hamilton TMS blind study

A

potential of TMS due to high temporal resolution and good example of experimental design, with various control conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

TMS ADVANTAGES

A

Temporal resolution in millisecond range
Virtual lesion in subject may be better defined than lesion in patient
Short duration of experiment minimises risk of plasticity
Repeated studies in the same subject
Group studies with standardised experimental setup
Study double dissociations: stimulate or temporarily disrupt diff cortical regions during one task, one region during diff tasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

TMS DISADVANTAGES

A

Spatial under sampling (only one area at a time)
Only cortical areas accessible
Auditory cortex stimulation problematic
Loud coil click, need “sham stimulation”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

the more discriminable the stimuli…

A

the shorter the MMN latency and the larger the MMN amplitude

17
Q

EEG SUMMARY

A

excellent temporal resolution (milliseconds)
poor spatial resolution (inverse problem)
MEG: same neural activity but better spatial resolution