Web Design for Usability Flashcards
What is the distance from a user’s goal to an action in the interface called?
Gulf of Execution
What is a User Goals?
Something that a user wishes to achieve
Getting from goals to actions requires ______.
planning
Intermediate steps are called ___-____ or ____.
sub-goals or tasks
In short, Gulf of Execution is?
Action
In short, Gulf of Evaluation is?
Feedback
Users must be able to _____, ____, and _____ feedback.
perceive, interpret, evaluate
What is Perception?
Seeing, hearing or feeling the system response to an action.
What is Interpretation?
Understanding the symbols, graphics, sounds or text in context.
What is Evaluation?
“have I done it?” - also known as closure
What are the four goal-mapping questions?
- How do users know their goal is attainable?
- How do users know what to do?
- How will the users know they’re done the right thing?
- How will users know they’ve attained their goal?
(steps 2 and 3 are repeated)
What are the possible answers for goal-mapping questions?
- Implicit Expectations
- Explicit Expectations
- Indirect Match
- Direct Match
What is the best answer to the goal-mapping questions?
Direct match
What is an Implicit Expectiations?
Implicit expectations reflect established norms of performance. Implicit expectations are established by business in general, other companies, industries, and even cultures.
An implicit reference might include wording such as “Compared with other companies…” or “Compared to the leading brand…”
What is an Explicit Expectations
expectations from a previous experience, external evidence
Explicit expectations are mental targets for product performance, such as well-identified performance standards.
What is an Indirect Match?
A match that the user did not expect.
What is a Direct Match?
A match that the user exactly expected.
In hierarchical task analysis, what is an artifact?
Something needed to complete a task
What is Information Foraging?
The scent of information. (Navigation as a journey)
What is the order of a goal-oriented model?
- Goal
- Sub-Goals
- Unit Tasks
- Artifacts(Atomic)
What is the aim of goal-oriented design?
To decompose goals into actions using concepts, methods and terminology familiar to users.
Goals should be established from user ______ and development of _____.
observations and personas
What is the LEAST EFFECTIVE method for establishing user needs and behaviours? a. Direct Observation b. Interviews c. Focus Groups
c. Focus Groups
What is artifact is user experience?
Things users work with to achieve their goals
What is one of the main benefits of personas?
They promote empathy within the team. Personas have the advantage of promoting empathy by giving users realistic identities.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of card sorting? a. Can be done online or face-to-face b. Provides data on terminology and relationships c. Is effective whether or not users understand the terms on the cards
C. Is effective whether or not users understand the terms on the cards
What are personas?
A way of establishing an understanding of who users are and their common needs/behaviors.
Which stories is written about researched user behaviors/needs, in third person, by or in collaboration with UX/UCD practitioners.
Persona Stories
What is card sorting?
Allows us to establish how users think about the terminology we plan to use in menus, navigation and information architecture.
What are the two types of card sort?
- Open
2. Closed
What is a Open card sort?
Participants make as many groups as they need and give them their own names.
What is a Closed card sort?
Numbers and names of groups are fixed in advance.
What is agglomerative monothetic clustering?
Starting with small, two-item clusters and merging it into larger clusters.
Agglomerative monothetic clustering refers to:
Hierarchical cluster analysis
What are the advantages of paper prototyping over other methods:
- Low technology, low cost
- Can be produced at a very early stage
- Easy to create, modify, and animate
- Avoids distraction with superficial detaileg (eg. the button is too larger, blue, etc.)
- Prevents the “you must be very nearly finished” impressions given by screen mockups.
- Less initmidating users
- Appears more malleable than screen mockups
What is Goal-Oriented content?
Content that is organized so that users can easily answer frequently asked or important questions.
What is an Inverted Pyramid Structure?
The page should be summarized in only a few sentences at the top(broadest base of the pyramid). If this seems to be the right page users can carry on getting more specific detail towards the narrow point of the pyramid.
We can use the gestalt principles to group or associate items by?
- Proximity (The simplest and most effective)
- Similarity (Can be too subtle; must not use colour alone)
- Continuity (Is primarily for banners and separators)
- Closure (popup menus and other windows)
What are the four uses of colour?
- Background
- Grouping
- Association
- Foreground
When using a color on the background, it must provide..
must provide a good contrast with the foreground. And preferably should not be patterned.
When using colors to group elements, it must be
- Background color over a limited area and usually much less cluttered than separating lines.
Why shouldn’t colors be used on its own to convey meaning?
because of color blindness and learning issues
Which eight colors are needed in web design?
- Backgrounds
- Headings
- Logo
- Header/top navigation
- Menu items
- Links
- Text
- Highlight
What are the four rules of form- data entry?
- Make sure that the “tab” order incorrect. (do not force users to switch between keyboard and mouse)
- Avoid drop-down lists where typing would be much quicker
- Establish appropriate format or data and working order by observing and interviewing users
- Treat user input as valuable and be flexible in its interpretation.
How should you deal with user-supplied data in forms?
Treat it as valurable and be flexible in its interpretation
