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science > weathering, soil, and water > Flashcards

weathering, soil, and water Flashcards

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0
Q

when rocks are broken a part by physical processes into smaller pieces

A

mechanical weathering

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1
Q

the breaking down of rock

A

weathering

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2
Q

when the chemical composition of the rock doesn’t change

A

mechanical weathering

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3
Q

burrowing animals, plant roots, wind, water are examples of what

A

mechanical weathering

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4
Q

water enters cracks in rocks and freezes forcing the rock a part

A

ice wedging

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5
Q

when chemical reactions dissolve or alter the minerals in rocks or change them into different minerals

A

chemical weathering

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6
Q

these acids form when water reacts with carbon dioxide to produce carbonic acid which reacts with minerals

A

natural acids

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7
Q

what is an example of a natural acid

A

carbonic acid dissolves calcite

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8
Q

these acids form from plant roots or decaying matter which reacts with minerals

A

plant acids

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9
Q

causes oxidation

A

oxygen

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10
Q

a reaction between oxygen, water, and some minerals to produce rust

A

oxidation

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11
Q

example of oxidation

A

magnetite oxidizes into limonite

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12
Q

three things to chemical weathering

A

natural acids, plant acids, oxygen

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13
Q

what is surface area or volume ratio

A

small pieces of rock have greater surface area to volume ratio than large pieces of rock

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14
Q

what happens as surface area increases

A

more rock is exposed to be weathered and the process speeds up

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15
Q

the pattern of weather that occurs in a certain area over many years

A

climate

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16
Q

what weathering is common in cold climates

A

mechanical

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17
Q

what type of weathering is common in warm moist climates

A

chemical

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18
Q

the part of the earth that is made up of soil

A

pedosphere

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19
Q

the study of soil

A

pedology

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20
Q

what is soil

A

a mixture of weathered rock, mineral fragments, decayed organic matter, water, and air that covers the surface of earth

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21
Q

what kind of soil contains large amounts of organic matter

A

High quality

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22
Q

how can thick can soil range from

A

60 m to only a few cm

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23
Q

what 5 factors affect formation of soil

A

climate, slope, type of rock, type of vegetation, and the length of time the rock has been weathered

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24
Q

what 4 factors are the composition of rock

A

rock and mineral fragments, organic matter, air, and water

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25
Q

from rocks that have been weathered

A

rock and mineral fragments

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26
Q

broken down into fungi and bacteria

A

organic matter

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27
Q

what is humus

A

a dark colored material made of decayed organic matter, serves as nutrients for plants

28
Q

fills the space between soil particles when soil is dry

A

air

29
Q

fills the spaces between soil particles when soil is wet

A

water

30
Q

all the horizons of a soil

A

soil profile

31
Q

layers of soil present in a soil profile

A

horizon

32
Q

leaves, twigs, and other organic matter that will be decomposed into humus

A

litter

33
Q

the removal of minerals that have been dissolved in water

A

leaching

34
Q

what are peds

A

clumps of soil that occur naturally

35
Q

common in subsurface soils that have been leached or compacted

A

platy

36
Q

common in surface soils with high organic content

A

granular

37
Q

very dense and difficult for plant roots to penetrate

A

prismatic

38
Q

common in subsoils or surface soils with high clay content

A

blocky

39
Q

the percentage of a given volume of soil that is made up of pore spaces

A

porosity

40
Q

what is the porosity formula

A

volume of water that fits in pore spaces divided by the total volume of soil

41
Q

the ease at which gases, liquids, or plant roots penetrate or pass through a layer of soil

A

permeability

42
Q

determined by finding the percentages of sand, silt, and clay in the soil sample

A

soil texture

43
Q

a material that water cannot easily pass through

A

impermeable

44
Q

water that soaks into the ground and collects in the open pore spaces between soil particles

A

groundwater

45
Q

water that doesn’t soak into the ground but instead flows across earths surface ending up in rivers, streams, or the ocean

A

runoff

46
Q

a layer of permeable rock above an impermeable layer

A

aquifer

47
Q

the area of an aquifer in which all of the pore spaces are filled with water

A

zone of saturation

48
Q

the upper part of the zone of saturation

A

water table

49
Q

the part of the aquifer above the water table

A

zone of aeration

50
Q

extend deep into the zone of saturation and use a pump to bring groundwater to the surface

A

well

51
Q

a well that does not need a pump because the groundwater naturally flows to the surface

A

artesian well

52
Q

places where the water table is so close to earths surface that the water flows out of the ground

A

spring

53
Q

a hot spring that erupts periodically shooting water and steam into the air

A

geyser

54
Q

depressions on earths surface that form when the roof of a cave collapses

A

sink hole

55
Q

underground openings often formed when slightly acidic rainwater dissolves limestone

A

cave

56
Q

top layer of profile, covered with litter, materials that will be decomposed into humus, and the darkest and most fertile layer

A

horizon a

57
Q

known as subsoil, lighter in color, leaching occurs,

A

horizon b

58
Q

very little organic matter, not very affected by leaching, least weathered of all layers

A

horizon c

59
Q

what are the 4 types of peds

A

Platy, granular, prismatic, blocky

60
Q

this type of ped is found in b horizons

A

prismatic

61
Q

what 7 factors affect the type of soil

A

climate, parent rock material, organisms that live in soil, acid rain, land management practices, time and slope

62
Q

porosity of surface soil typically what as particle size increases so permeability also increases

A

increases

63
Q

what % of freshwater is groundwater

A

14%

64
Q

where does the aquifer need to be located

A

between 2 impermeable layers

65
Q

part of the aquifer needs to be what than the part where the well is located

A

higher

66
Q

example of a geyser

A

old faithful at Yellowstone

67
Q

what can occur when groundwater is removed from an aquifer faster than it’s replaced

A

sinkholes

science (2 decks)

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