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ACS Guide > WEATHER > Flashcards

WEATHER Flashcards

1
Q

4 types of weather briefings

A

standard- initial brief and haven’t received any preliminary information
abbreviated- supplemental information, update a previous briefing or only need one or two items.
outlook- departure time of six or more hours
inflight briefing- update a preflight briefing

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2
Q

what should a weather briefing include (SACREDWIND)

A

Synopsis
adverse conditions
current conditions
en route forecast
destination forecast
winds aloft
notams
atc delays

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3
Q

how can you recieve updated weather information

A

FSS on 122.2
ATIS
ASOS/AWOS
Air traffic control center
Sigmet
Airmet
Pireps
CWA center weather advisories
ATC

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4
Q

AWOS

A

automated weather observation system
various sensors a processor, a computer-generated voice, broadcast local minute-by-minute weather data.

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5
Q

What Can PIREPs inform

A

confirm heights of clouds, locations of wind shear and turbulence, inflight icing.
UA- routine
UUA- urgent
can report to ATC or FSS

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6
Q

Convective sigmet

A

severe or greater turbulence, severe icing and low-level wind shear. greater or equal to 50 knots. valid up to 2 hours

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7
Q

Sigmet

A

weather hazardous to all aircraft
valid for 4 hours
unless associated with tropical cyclones and volcanic ash are good for 6 hours. icing, severe turbulence, clear air turbulence, dust storms and sandstorms.

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8
Q

G-Airmet

A

graphical advisory of weather may be hazardous to other aircraft, less severe.
IFR conditions
mountain obscurations , icing, turbulence low level wind shear
3x a day and for 12 hours.

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9
Q

Airmet

A

significant textual weather that may be hazardous to other aircraft/other than convective activity. good for 6 hours.IFR conditions,mountain obscurations,icing,llws,turbulence and strong surface winds.

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10
Q

different types of Airmets

A

Sierra (dessert)- IFR conditions and mountain obscurations
Tango(turbulence) - moderate turbulence, winds greater 30 kts , nonconvective LLWS
Zulu ( subzero) - moderate icing and provides freezing level of heights.

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11
Q

what can be determined in winds aloft information

A

best altitude
areas of possible icing
temp inversions
turbulence

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12
Q

Convective outlook (AC)

A

outlook of potential severe weather- tornadoes, winds greater than 50, hail etc. following 8 days

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13
Q

LIFR

A

low instrument flight rules- ceiling less than 500 and viz less than 1 mile

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14
Q

IFR

A

ceiling 500 to 1000
viz 1 to 3 miles

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15
Q

MVFR

A

ceiling 1,000 to 3,000
3 to 5 miles viz

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16
Q

VFR

A

ceilings greater than 3000 feet
viz greater than 5 miles

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17
Q

what is considered a ceiling ?

A

height above the surface of lowest layer of cloud- broken, overcast, obscuration.

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18
Q

where does majority of our weather occur

A

troposphere- extends up to 36,00 feet

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19
Q

how can you determine the stability of the atmosphere

A

unstable- temp decreases uniformly and rapidly. air near the surface is warm and moist
stable- temp remains the same or decreases slightly with altitude.

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20
Q

what causes wind

A

difference in air density caused by changes in temp which change pressure. creates motion in atmosphere .

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21
Q

3 forces that effect wind

A

pressure gradient(PGF)
Coriolis effect
friction

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22
Q

define pressure gradient

A

in pressure difference area PGF makes the wind blow to equalize the pressure . higher height /pressure to lower height/pressure.

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23
Q

coriolis effect

A

northen hemisphere- deflects winds to the right . directionally proportional to wind speed.

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24
Q

local winds examples

A

sea breeze
land breeze
lake breeze
mountain breeze

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25
Q

windhsear definition

A

sudden and drastic change in wind direction and velocity. usually vertical, can affect in any altitude.

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26
Q

where can you find wind shear information

A

metar
sigmets
terminal forecast
pireps
low level windshear

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27
Q

lens shaped cloud over mountains

A

mountain wave
formed from a disturbance of stable airflow over a mountain. forms mechanical turbulence and causes severe turbulence.

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28
Q

what does temp do to moisutre in air

A

every 20f increase it doubles the amount of moisture the air can hold

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29
Q

relative humidity

A

ratio that water vapor in air compared to the amount of water vapor the air could hold at a particular temp and pressure.

30
Q

dew point

A

the temperature of air must be cooled at constant press and constant water vapor for condensation to form.

31
Q

different precipitation types

A

drizzle, rain, freezing rain, snow, hail

32
Q

3 ingredients need to form precipitation

A

water vapor
sufficient lifting force to condense wator vapor into clouds
growth process that allows clouds droplets to grow large and heavy enough to fall

33
Q

low pressure system
high pressure system

A

low- inward, upward and counterclockwise warm air up from surface “vaccum” (unstable)

high- cold air in atmospher sinks outward downward and clockwise
in northern(stable air)

34
Q

low pressure to high pressure difference when flying

A

low pressure is categorized by rising air which brings cloudiness, precipitation, and bad weather. high press- descending air and brings dissipation of cloudiness and good weather.

35
Q

occluded front

A

fast moving cold catches to slower moving warm front.

cold front occlusions- fast moving cold front is colder than air ahead(Warm front) replaces air and forces warm front aloft.(nimborstratus)

warm- air ahead of the warm front is colder that the air of cold front.(embedded TS-towering cumulus)

36
Q

stationary front

A

two air masses are relatively equal,theboundary or front that seperates them remains stationary , influences weather for days. mix of both warm and cold weather

37
Q

cold front meaning and characteristics

A

mass of cold ,dense and stable air replaces body of warmer air and be as fast as 60mph.
characteristics- cumolonimbus, heavy rain,lighting , thunderstorms.poor viz.

38
Q

warm front

A

warm replaces cold, slower up t0 25mph. warm front slides over the top of cooler air and gradually pushes it out.
characterisitics- startiform clouds,drizzle,low ceilings and poor visibility.rise in temperature.

39
Q

what is a trough

A

elongated area of low atmospheric pressure. must go upward, its an area of rising air and conducive to cloudiness and precip. low pressure and bad weather

40
Q

what is a ridge

A

elongated area of high press descending air and dissipated cloudiness so its associated with good weather.

41
Q

how do clouds form

A

condensation of water vapor rising in currents of air by evaporation of the lowest layer of fog.

42
Q

cirriform clouds

A

high level above 20k feet, thin white in apperance.

43
Q

nimbo clouds

A

nimbus means rain, 7k to 15k and bring steady precip.as it thickens the cloud base tends to be closer to the ground.

44
Q

cummuliform

A

shows the vertical motion or thermal uplift of air taking place in atmosphere. height depends on humidity ,more humid the lower the cloud base. tops can reach 60k

45
Q

3 primary causes for turbulence

A

convective currents
obstructions
wind shear

46
Q

trubulence levels

A

light- slight erraticear air trubulence changes
moderate-changes in altitude and attitude occur but can remain in positive control
severe- causes large and abrupt changes and large variations of airspeed. momentarily out of control
extreme- large changes impossible to control and can cause structural damage .

47
Q

clear turbulence

A

sudden severe turbulence in cloudless regions. above 15k. core of jet stream and surrounding air. no visual cues and are reported by Pireps.

48
Q

what does a thunderstorm need to form

A

sufficient water vapor, unstable lapse rate, initial lifting force

49
Q

stages of thunderstorms

A

cumulus- strong updrafts,lifting action begins.
mature- most dangerous , precip begins to fall and downdrafts develop.warm rising air and cool precipation induced descending air create violent turbulence.

dissipating- downdrafts spread out and replace the updrafts which are needed to sustain the storm.

50
Q

3 types of thunderstorms

A

sing cell- one cell easy to navigate except at night.navigate
multicell- cluster of celss in different stages of life cycles.as cells mature they are carried downward and new cell forms upwind to take its place.several hours.
supercell-single, qausi-steady rotating updrafts. speeds can reach up to 9kfpm.many hours long.

51
Q

microburst

A

small scale of downdrafts that reach the surface and spread out in all directions. horizontal/vertical wind shears. short life span. without surface precip

52
Q

what are the main types of icing aircrafts can encounter

A

structural, induction system, instrument icing

53
Q

clear icing

A

glaze ice, glossy, clear and translucent ice. slow freezing of large supercooled droplets.found in warmer temps

54
Q

rime ice

A

rough,milky, opaque formed by insant freezinf of smalll water droplets. colder temps

55
Q

mixed icing

A

clear ice and rime ice due to small scale variations in liquid water,temp and droplet size.

56
Q

freezing level

A

lowest altitude in a given location that temps reches 0 celsius.can be found on pireps, sigmets, airmets

57
Q

how does fog form

A

temp and dewpoint are identical cooling of the air beyond its dewpoint or by the addition of moisture elevating the dewpoint

58
Q

radiation fog

A

clear skies , no winds, heat absorbed by the surface and radiated to space, as temps cools and moist warm air near the ground small dew-temp spread ( high humidity)mostly at night or daybreak.

59
Q

advection fog

A

moist air moves horizontally over colder ground or water,coastal areas. can occur with winds or cloudy skies at anytime of the day/night.

60
Q

upslope fog

A

wind pushed moist stable air being cooled adiabatically up sloping terrain. air becomes saturated and condensation occurs. Covers a large area.

61
Q

frontal fog/precip induced fog

A

warm moist air is lifted over a front. precip may form.if cold air is near dew point , evaporation from precirp may saturate the cold air and form fog.

62
Q

steam fog

A

very cold air moves across relatively warm water, moisture may evaporate. as the rising water vapor meets the cold air it cools until 100% humidity immediately re-condenses. Wisp of smoke of water.

63
Q

freezing fog

A

temps falls to 0 degrees Celsius.or below tiny, supercooled liquid water droplets in fog can freeze instantly.

64
Q

what is frost

A

ice crystal deposits formed by sublimation when temp and dewpoint are below freezing. cam form on clear night when moisture is present and airplane skins falls below freezing

65
Q

TAF

A

terminal aerodrome forecast
24 hours
issued 4x daily

66
Q

prognostic chart

A

low level prog chart forecast chart.
issued 4x daily
12 hour
24 hour forecast for a given region
from surface to 400milibar pressure - 24k feet
flight planning under 24k feet

67
Q

surface analysis chart

A

depicts weather conditions as it was a few hours Earlier
issued every 3 hours
high/low press systems
frontal movements

68
Q

weather depiction chart

A

computer generated chart based on metars and gives wide overview of weather
begins at 0100zulu and updated every 3 hours
only valid at time of issue

69
Q

center weather advisory (CWA)

A

issued by control centers both sigmet and airmet conditions described in detail for specific air route traffic control center areas.

70
Q

air mass vs front

A

air mass- large body of air that has similar temp and moisture can take up the characteristics of the surface below
front - the transition zone of two different air masses of different density

71
Q

what causes turbulence

A

convective currents
obstruction wind flow
windshear

72
Q

ingredients needed for thunderstorm

A

sufficient water vapor
unstable lapse rate
uplifting action

ACS Guide (2 decks)

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