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Biology paper 2 key points > weaknesses > Flashcards

weaknesses Flashcards

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1
Q

How do fossils form?

A

Gradual Replacement - hard parts are replaced by minerals as they decay
Casts and Impressions - organism is buried in soft material and when it hardens an imprint is left.
Preservation - a place where no decay takes place

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2
Q

How do the eyes make the pupil smaller?

A

The circular muscles contract and the radial muscles relax

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3
Q

How do the eyes make the pupil larger?

A

The radial muscles contract and the circular muscles relax

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4
Q

What happens in the eye so that it can see objects that are near?

A

The ciliary muscles contract, which slackens the suspensory ligaments. This causes the lens to go fat.

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5
Q

What happens in the eye so that is can see objects that are far?

A

The ciliary muscles relax, which allows the suspensory ligaments to pull tight. This causes the lens to go thin

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6
Q

What is short-sightedness called and what lens treats it?

A

Myopia is treated by a concave lens

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7
Q

What is long-sightedness called and what lens treats it?

A

Hyperopia is treated by a convex lens

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8
Q

What is the cerebral cortex responsible for?

A

Consciousness, intelligence, memory and language

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9
Q

What is the medulla responsible for?

A

Unconscious activities e.g. breathing and heartbeat

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10
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A

Muscle coordination

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11
Q

What makes up DNA (nucleotides)?

A

A phosphate group, a sugar and a base (ATCG)

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12
Q

What happens if blood glucose levels are too high?

A

Insulin is secreted from the pancreas, this stimulates the uptake of glucose into liver and muscle cells.

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13
Q

What happens if blood glucose levels are too low?

A

Glucagon is secreted by the pancreas which turns glycogen stored in the liver and muscle cells to be broken down into glucose.

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14
Q

What is the role of thyroxine?

A

Thyroxine regulated metabolism

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15
Q

How are thyroxine levels regulated?

A

If blood thyroxine levels are too high, TSH (the stimulating hormone released from the pituitary gland) is inhibited. This means thyroxine levels fall.

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16
Q

What is the role of FSH and where is it produced?

A

Produced in the pituitary gland, it causes an egg to mature in a follicle, and stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen

17
Q

What is the role of Oestrogen and where is it produced?

A

Produced in the ovaries, causes the lining of the uterus to grow and stimulates the release of LH. It inhibits FSH.

18
Q

What is the role of Progesterone and where is it produced?

A

Produced in the ovaries, maintains the lining of uterus. Inhibits release of LH and FSH.

19
Q

What is in the contraceptive pill?

A

Oestrogen and Progesterone. Oestrogen inhibits FSH so an egg cannot mature. Progesterone inhibits FSH and LH so an egg cant mature OR be released.

20
Q

Describe the process of a reflex reaction

A
  1. Receptor is stimulated
  2. Impulses travel along the sensory neurone to the CNS
  3. Impulses passed along a relay neurone
  4. Impulses travel along motor neurone
  5. Impulses reach effector which causes a response (e.g. muscle contracts)
21
Q

Define ‘homeostasis’

A

The ability to maintain a constant internal set of conditions despite changes in external environments.

22
Q

What indusrial use does Auxin, Gibberellin and Ethene have?

A

Auxin - killing weeds, tissue culture, growing plans from cuttings
Gibberellin - controlling dormancy, inducing flowering, enlarging fruit
Ethene - stimulates ripening of fruit

23
Q

Explain the process of protein synthesis

A
  1. mRNA is made by copying the code of DNA
  2. the mRNA passes the code to ribosomes in the cytoplasm
  3. the correct amino acids are brought to the ribosomes in the correct order by carrier molecules
24
Q

What are the 3 types of mutations?

A

Insertion - a new base is inserted into the DNA base sequence
Deletion - a random base is deleted from the sequence
Substitutions - a base is randomly changed to a different base

25
Q

What are the stages of meiosis?

A
  1. the genetic information is duplicated
  2. the chromosomes line up in the centre of the cell
  3. the pairs pull apart so each new cell has one copy of each chromosome
  4. in the second division, the chromosomes line up again and are pulled apart again.
  5. there is variation because chromosomes get ‘shuffled up’
26
Q

What two chromosomes do females have?

A

XX

27
Q

What two chromosomes do males have?

A

XY

28
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

A genetic disorder caused by a recessive ‘f’ allele which causes the build up of mucus in air passages

29
Q

What is polydactyly?

A

A genetic disorder when a baby is born with extra fingers or toes, its cause by a dominant ‘D’ allele

30
Q

What was Lamarck’s theory?

A

If a characteristic was used a lot by an organism, it would become more developed and its offspring would inherit the acquired characteristic

31
Q

What are the 3 types of adaptations for an organism?

A

Structural - effects body structure e.g white fur
Behavioural - how an organism behaves e.g. migration
Functional - the things that go on inside the body e.g. producing very little sweat

32
Q

What is an allele?

A

Different versions of the same gene

33
Q

What is an allele?

A

Different versions of the same gene

34
Q

What is the name for a microorganism that are adapted to survive in extreme conditions?

A

Extremophiles

35
Q

Why might anaerobic decay be bad?

A

It produces methane

36
Q

Give one problem with inbreeding

A

Increased chance of diseases being passed on

37
Q

Give 2 advantages of intensive farming of animals

A

Less energy required for movement

Less heat lost

Biology paper 2 key points (2 decks)

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