weak points

Question 1

details of the Shaffer and emerson study

Answer 1

60 infants from working class homes in glasgow were studied.

Question 2

what made shafer and merson study longnitudinal

Answer 2

The babies and their mothers were visited every month for the 1st year and once again at 18 months .

Question 3

where were the observations conducted in shafer and emersons experiment and what were they

Answer 3

in their homes (natural observations) , interviews with mothers asking them about who the infants smiled at and who caused distress on separation.

Question 4

what did the infants reseaction to the reseracher suggest

Answer 4

stranger anxiety

Question 5

what stage is 0-6 weeks?

Answer 5

pre attachment (asocial phase)

Question 6

what stage is 6 weeks to 6 months?

Answer 6

indiscrimminate attachment

Question 7

what stage is 6months-7months?

Answer 7

discriminate attachment

Question 8

what stage is 7montsh to 10montsh?

Answer 8

multiple attachements

Question 9

how many of the infants had mutile attachments in stage four of shaffer and emersons study?

Answer 9

78%

Question 10

evaulation of shaffer and emersons study

Answer 10

-high in ecological validity
-biased, unrepresentative sample
-asocial stage is difficult to test

Question 11

evaluation of multiple attachments

Answer 11

-supporting evidence for the existence of multiple attachments- shafer and merson found that 31% of infants at the age of 18months had 5 or more attachgements and 13% were attached top jjust one primary caregiver
-difficulties with measuring mutiple attachments- indicators of attachment used by shaffer and Emerson may be similar behaviours in response to play mates-not true attachment figures

Question 12

what does bowlby suggest as the role of the father?

Answer 12

that fathers tend to be secondary attachment figures, as they are not equipped sociallya nd emotionally to be the primary attachment figre

Question 13

what do fathers lack that mothers have?

Answer 13

sensitive responsiveness

Question 14

why do fathers lack sensitive repsonisvness?

Answer 14

social factors-traditional gender roles means that males are more likely to adopt a secondary role, this is because child rearing is sterotypically female and this may deter them from taking this role
biological factors-males have low levels of hormones such as oestrogen and oxytocinb that biologically predispose us to become more nurturing and caring in attachment formation.

Question 15

Evautional points for the role of the father

Answer 15

-there is evidence that supports the role of the father as a secondary attachemnt figure
-there is evidnce showing the importance of the role of the father
-there is evidnce that shows fathers are not equipped to provide sentative and nurturing attachment
-there is evidnce that contradicts gender difference in sensitive responsiveness

Question 16

what evidnce supports the role of the father as a secondary attachment figure?

Answer 16

Geiger- a fathers play interactions are more exciting compared to mothers. However the mothers are more affectionate and nurting

Question 17

What evidence shows the importance of the role of the father?

Answer 17

Sethna-two year olds performed better on cognitive tests involving atatnetion, problem solving, langaugeand social skills if their fathers enagaged in interactions at the age of 3months

Question 18

what is evidnce show that fathers are not equipped to provide a sensitie answer and nurturing attachment?

Answer 18

Hrdy- fathers are less able to detect low levelks of infant distress compared to mothers

Question 19

what evidence contradicts gender differences in senstive responsiveness?

Answer 19

Frodi et al- there were no differneces in physicological repsonses of men and women showed videotapes of infants crying.

Question 20

extra detail about what they did before hatching?

Answer 20

talked to eggs so they knew their voice

Question 21

what is the critical period of imprinting?

Answer 21

between 4 and 25 hours after hatching

Question 22

what effects does imprinting have on later sexual behaviour?

Answer 22

animals especially birs will chose a mate with the same kind of object upon which they were imprinted (sexual imprinting)

Question 23

evalutaion of lorenzs research

Answer 23

-there is supporting evidnce tio demonstrate imprinting in animals-guiton
-some of lorenzes observations have been questioned-guiton found that he could reverse imprinting chicks who tried to mate with rubber gloves in adulthood
-there is issues with extrapolation and generalisation from animals to humans
-aninamls bonds are less easily disrupted that huamn attachement-research from ainsworth study shows that infants under 7months showed intense seperation anxiety with them often resiting comfort entirely on return

Question 24

Guiton

Answer 24

leghorn chicks exposed to yellow rubber gloves for feeding in the first few weeks of life developed a strong bond with gloves. Later male chicks tried to mate with the gloves

Question 25

How is attachment in mammals different to birds?

Answer 25

mammal mothers show more emotional atatchemnts than birds and attachments are more likley to form in an axtended critical window

Question 26

details of harlows study

Answer 26

16 new born rhesus monkeys

Question 27

how much time did the monekys sepnd with the cloth surrogate in trail 1?

Answer 27

18 hours

Question 28

what did the monekys do when they were frightened?

Answer 28

clung to the cloth mother only when to wire when needed food

Question 29

harelows observations of behavioural differences between those raised with normal mothers and surrgoates

Answer 29

-they were much more timid -they didnt know how to act around other monekys -they were easily bullied and wouldnt stand up for themselves -they had difficulties with mating -the females were inadequate mothers

Question 30

privation

Answer 30

the loss or absence of a quality or attribute that is normally present

Question 31

What were the long lasting consequences of the trail?

Answer 31

Those mnekys that werre left with the surrogate for more than 90 days had severe long lasting effects but those left with. surrogate for less than 90 days the effects could be reversed

Question 32

evaluation of harlows study

Answer 32

-ethical issues with the research -the problems with extranous/ confounding variables- teh apperance of the two surrogates were different, the monekys may have prepferred the cloth because it was more attracxtive and species specific -it was usefull is showing the consequences of privation-the same could be siad in human attachment as shown by hodges and Tizzard -there are some issues with extrapolation and generalisation from animals to humans, bowlby siad the critical period for huamns can be between the ages of 0-4

Question 33

Hodges and Tizzard

Answer 33

found that children who had remained in an insitituation between ages of 0-4, succesffully reversed the effects of prication by showing average levels f IQ by the age of 8 if they formed a strong emotional bond with their adoptive parents

Question 34

classical conditioning explanation of attachment

Answer 34

food is known as the unconditioned which produces pleasure in the child, the mother is the nutral stimulus which becomes associated with the UC stimulus because she provides the food. the mother becomes the conditioned stimulus and she now produces the conditioned response of pleasure

Question 35

operant conditioning as an explanation

Answer 35

the discomfort of being hungry makes an infant cry, the mothers response to crying is to feed the infant which the infant finds rewarding. So when the infant is hungry again, it repeats the behaviour seek poroximity to its mother by crying for her. Baby will become attached to caregiver as they provide they provide stimulus.

Question 36

Evaluation of learning theories of attachment

Answer 36

-reductionist -evidnce that contradicts the theories- Harlow study shows that the monekys valued comfort and Saftey over food - Further contradictory findings- Shafer and Emerson found that 39% of babies primary attachents were not with the person who fed them but trhe person that met their emotional needs -food may not be the primary reinforcer, the problem with the learning theory is the idea that food is the UCS is largely discrete these could include comfort, warmth, communication

Question 37

why do infants form an attachment?

Answer 37

attachments have an evolutionary basis-an insate drive to form the attachment as it is adaptive. The attachment helps an infant form an internal working model, which is a template for later relationships. the idea that there is a link between early attachment and klater relashionships is knwopn as the continuity hypoethsis.

Question 38

When do infants form an attachment?

Answer 38

Bowlby belives there is a critical period for the development of attachments. There is a specific 'window of time' this is from 6 months to 2.5 yrs, if not formed in this period they will have difficulty forming attachments later in life.

Question 39

who does the infant form an attachment to?

Answer 39

Monotropy- this means that while one special emotional bond withthe primary caregiver this is usually the biological mother. The attachment with the primary attahment is important as it forms the internal working model. Attachements with other individuals are secondary

Question 40

How do infants form an attachment?

Answer 40

infants are innatly pre-programmed to produce social releases. desidgned to ellicit a reponse from the caregiver- parental reponses: caregivers automatically repond to the infant

Question 41

Evaluation of bowlbys monotrophic theory

Answer 41

-there is supporting evidnce for some aspects of his theory Soufe -there is contradictory evidnce against the idea of the continuity hypothesis-Zimmerman -there is contradictory evidnce agaisnt the idea of the critical period-hodges and Tizzard, the idea of the 'sensitive period' may be more valid as a period of time where attachements are more easily formed -contradictory evidnce agaisnt montropy, Shaffer and Emerson found 31% of infants at 18months have 5 or more attachments

Question 42

soufe

Answer 42

found those securly attached in infancy were more socially skilled and popular in adolscence

Question 43

Zimmerman

Answer 43

found early attachments to not be a good predictor of later relashionships

Question 44

episodes in Ainsworth study

Answer 44

1-observer introduces mother and baby to the experimental room then leaves 2-mother is non participant while baby explore. If neccessary play is stimulated 3-stranger enters, stanger silent then talks with mother then approachs baby 4-mother leaves and stranger behaviour is geared towards the baby 5-stranger leaves and mother enters and stands in doorway. Once baby started to play again te mother left and says bye 6-baby is left alone 7-stranger tries to comfort baby 8-mother returns

Question 45

behaviour of type A attachment

Answer 45

insecure avoidant- no sign of distress when mother leaves, infant is okay with stranger and plays normally when stranger leaves and shows little interest when mother returns

Question 46

percenatge of infants that are insecure avoidant

Answer 46

15%

Question 47

Behaviour of type B attachment

Answer 47

secure- distressed when mother leaves, avoidant of stranger but friendly when mother is presnet, positive and happy when mother returns

Question 48

percenatge of securely attached infants

Answer 48

70%

Question 49

behaviour of type C attachment

Answer 49

insecure resistant intense distress when mother leaves, infant shows extreme starnger anxiety, infant approachs mother on reunion but resits comfort

Question 50

percenatge of infants that are insecure resistant

Answer 50

15%

Question 51

Evaluation of strange situation

Answer 51

-reliable measure of attachment types -low ecological vality -ethical issues that prevents future replications -findings of the orginal reseraxh are incomplete- Mian and Solomon

Question 52

Main and solomon

Answer 52

pointed out a minority of infants did not fit into 3 attachment types so they rpoposed a 4th attachment type-insecure disorganised, abusive households naturally go to caregiver but they are causing danger b

Question 53

what was the aim of the van Ijzendoorn and kroonenberg

Answer 53

to see if there are any differences in attachment types between different cultures and countries

Question 54

procedure details of the Van ijzenburg and kroonenberg

Answer 54

-meta-analysis -anaylsed 32 seperate studeies in 8 different countries using strage situation -in total 2000 babies were studies

Question 55

findings of van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg

Answer 55

-the most common attachment type in all countries was Type B (secure attachment) -however there were differences in insecure attachments, more insecure avoidants infants were found in countries in Germany (35%) compared to countries like Japan (5%). More insecure resistant infants were found in counties like Isreal (29%) compared to UK (3%)

Question 56

what is intra-cultural variation?

Answer 56

differences in attachments within each country were also found

Question 57

what is an example of intra-cultural variation?

Answer 57

2 studies cariied out in Japan one had no type A and the other had around 20%

Question 58

variation within countries and variation between countries

Answer 58

varaiation between countries is 1.5 times greater than variation between countries

Question 59

what does cultural similarity support?

Answer 59

bowlbys theroy that attachment is innate and biological