cultural variation onwards Flashcards
what is the first research study into cultural variation?
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg
what is the aim of van Ijzendoorn and kroonenberg?
if there are ‘inter-cultural’ variations in attachments-between differnet cultures and countries
what is the procedure of the van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg study?
meta-analysis in which they analysed the results of 32 seperate studies in 8 different countries using the starnge situation. in total over 2,000 babies were studied
findings of the Van ijzendoorn and kroonenberg study overall
-the most common attachment tyoe in all countriues was type B
what did can ijzendoorn and kroonenberg find about tyep A attachemnt
insecure avoidant were found in countries like Germany (35%) compared to countries such as Japan (5%)
What did van Ijzendoorn and kroonenberg find about type C attachment?
insecure resistnat were found in countries like Isreal (29%) compared to UK (3%)
what is instra-cultural variation?
differnces in attachment within each country
What is an example of intra-cultural variation?
2 studies carried out in Japan one had no type A children but the other had 20% type A children
How much greater was variation within countries compared to between countries?
1.5 times
What does the Van Izjendorn and Krooneneberg study support?
that secure attachment is the ‘best’ for healthy social and emotional development. This cultural similarity also supports bowlbys theory that attachment is innate and biological.
What is Japans child rearing style?
-children are encouraged to be very depenedent on their mothers and they are rarely apart
-japanese infants in the strange sistuation tend to show extreme anxiety on being seperated
-this meant that more infants were classified as Type C compared to American Infants
What is the German child rearing style?
-children are encoraged to be indapendent so they are typically left alone, or with unfamilar people, from a younge age
-German infants showed little anxiety on seperation and responded no differently to the mother or the stranger in the strange sistuation
-this meant that more infants were classified as type A compared to american infants
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what is the second research study?
Takahashi
Takahashi aim
to see if there are ‘inter-cultural’ variaions in attachments between Japanese and american infants
Takahashi method
compared attachment types in 60 middle class infants aged 12 months with American infants using the strange situation
Takahashi results
68% of Japenese infants were securly attached and 32% were insecure-resistant, no were insecure avoidant. In the USA 14% were insecure avoidant
Evaluation of cross cultural research into attachment
-the strange situation procedure used to investiagte cultural variation in attachment is ethnocentric- the procedure was developed in America and the results were interprested using the countries ‘norms’ of what is secure attachment, this may not apply to other cultures.
-the van ijzerdoorn study used a meta-analysis which creates problems with sampling bias
-there are particular ethical issues using the strange situation to measure attachment type in other countries-it cpould be particularly distressing for infants from Japan
What was the sampling bias is Van Ijzendoorn study?
-32 studies included were carried out in America
-27 in total were carried out in western countries
-in some studies the sample size was very small
in terms of bowlbys theory, what is important for pyschological health?
a warm continous initmate relasionshio with the mother
define maternal deprivation
-frequnet temporary seperation from the mother disrupting the relasionship
what are the effects of maternal deprivation
-emotional, social and intellectual development
-low IQ
-deliqunecy
-inability to form attachments in the future
-affactionless pyschopathy
when does the deprivation apply?
in the critical period of development between the ages of 6months and 2.5 years and a continuing risk until the age of 5yrs
how can the effects of maternal deprication be prevented/reduced?
a maternal subsistute who provides good emotional care
reserach into maternal deprication
44 theives study
