Weak areas

Question 1

What body surfaces/organs does transitional cell epithelium line?

Answer 1

Lines the bladder, ureters, renal pelvis, and calyces

Question 2

What percent of body weight is water, extracellular fluid, and intracellular fluid? What portion of extracellular is plasma and interstitial fluid?

Answer 2

60% = body water
40% = intracellular (2/3 of body water)
20% = extracellular (1/3 of body water)
1/4 of extracellular = plasma, 3/4 = interstitial fluid

Question 3

What is the equation for renal clearance?

Answer 3

Cx = (Ux)(V) / Px

Basically asks, what is the ratio of [substance x] in the urine to the [substance x] in the plasma?

Question 4

What is Hartnup’s disease?

Answer 4

Deficiency of neutral amino acid (tryptophan) transporter that results in pellagra

Question 5

What is a disorder associated with the unusual combination of hypokalemia and acidosis?

Answer 5

Type 1 (distal) and Type 2 (proximal) renal tubular acidosis
Type 1= Defect in collecting tubule's ability to excrete H+ = urine pH > 5.5
Type 2= defect in proximal tubule reabsorption of HCO3-

Question 6

What is the most common site of ectopic thyroid tissue?

Answer 6

The tongue. Is near foremen cecum.

Pg. 286 1st Aid

Question 7

What are the similarities and differences of pheochromocytoma and neuroblastoma?

Answer 7

Pheochromocytoma- most common adrenal medulla tumor in adults, causes episodic HTN, VMA found in urine (breakdown product of NE and Epi)
Neuroblastoma- most common adrenal medulla tumor in children, does NOT cause HTN, HVA found in urine (breakdown product of dopamine)

Question 8

What are the hallmarks of early fetal development?

Answer 8

Week 1- hCG secretion begins
Week 2- 2 layers (bilaminar disc)
Week 3- 3 layers (trilaminar disc)- primitive streak, notochord, mesoderm, and neural plate
Week 4- 4 limbs, heart begins beating
Weeks 3-8= embryonic period= organigenesis = teratogen-susceptible- before week 3 all-or-nothing effect, after week 8 growth and function affected
Week 8 - start of fetal period
Week 10- genitalia have male/female characteristics

Question 9

What is HELLP syndrome? What is associated with it?

Answer 9

Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, Low Platelets

Associated with preeclampsia

Question 10

What is exemestane?

Answer 10

Aromatase inhibitor

Question 11

In a patient who cannot tolerate the alpha blocker side effects of terazosin, what is an alternative?

Answer 11

Tamsulosin- selective for alpha1A,D receptors on prostate vs. vascular alpha 1B receptors

Question 12

What is the difference between recombination and reassortment?

Answer 12

Reassortment occurs with viruses with segmented genomes = genomic mixing when two viruses infect the same host cell

Recombination can occur in viruses with non-segmented genomes = crossing over of two double stranded DNA segments