WCAG and Accessibility General Questions Flashcards
Who uses screen readers?
- people who are totally blind and listen to the screen reader
- people who are blind and deaf and use a dynamic braille display
- people who are blind and can hear the screen reader, and also use a dynamic braille display
- some people with low vision who can see some of the text
- some people with cognitive disabilities who can see just fine, yet –have difficulty processing written text and can process spoken language better
and others
Which of the following statements are true? (Check all that apply.)
- Accessibility is primarily about screen reader access for people who are totally blind.
- When watching videos online, some people who are hard-of-hearing will listen to the audio and also read captions.
- People who cannot use the keyboard always use speech input.
- Some people use multiple assistive technologies or adaptive strategies.
Correct Answer
- When watching videos online, some people who are hard-of-hearing will listen to the audio and also read captions.
- Some people use multiple assistive technologies or adaptive strategies.
What is the range of accessibility that website affects access to
Web accessibility encompasses all disabilities that affect access to the Web, including:
auditory
cognitive
neurological
physical
speech
visual
Accessibility, inclusion, design for all, and universal design all cover the same things and have the same broad scope. True or False
False
Which of the following statements are correct, based on the information in this module? (Check all that apply.)
- It is beneficial to keep accessibility focused on people with disabilities, and consider the broader benefits in other areas such as inclusion and design for all.
- User experience, usability, and user-centered design are not at all related to accessibility.
- The methodologies and techniques in user-centered design work well for addressing the needs of people with disabilities, and including people with disabilities, in creating accessible websites and apps.
- It is beneficial to keep accessibility focused on people with disabilities, and consider the broader benefits in other areas such as inclusion and design for all.
- The methodologies and techniques in user-centered design work well for addressing the needs of people with disabilities, and including people with disabilities, in creating accessible websites and apps.
What the disabilities that accessibility covers?
- Auditory (hearing)
- Cognitive
- Neurological
- Physical
- Speech
- Visual
What is the definition of assistive technology?
A hardware/or software that people with disabilities use to adapt and access content
Which adaptive strategies make audio visual presentations more accessible?
- Use closed captions
- Using audio description
What are essential design features for speech input
- Visible page borders
- Visible focus
- Information that appears on hover
- Visible labels of buttons
-Visible focus
- Visible labels of buttons
What type of assistive technology could help a user with limited upper body movement?
Switch controls
What is a screen reader?
A screen reader is a software that reads out everything on screen including text, headings, lists, buttons, text alternatives for images, and form inputs.
What are some common screen readers?
Common screen readers include Jaws for Windows, NVDA for Windows, Narrator bundled with Windows, VoiceOver bundled with MacOS and iOS, and TalkBack bundled with Android.
What challenges do braille display users and users with physical impairments have in common?
- Lack of keyboard accessibility and insufficient text size
- Lack of keyboard accessibility and missing labels on buttons
- Lack of keyboard accessibility and illogical focus order
- Lack of keyboard accessibility and missing labels on buttons
- Lack of keyboard accessibility and illogical focus order
What does Screen Curtain do on iOS?
- Screen curtain reads out everything on screen in one go.
- Screen curtain switches the screen off so you can test content without seeing it.
- Screen curtain is a shortcut to switch iOS on and off quickly.
Screen curtain switches the screen off so you can test content without seeing it.
https://learning.edx.org/course/course-v1:W3Cx+WAI0.1x+3T2019/block-v1:W3Cx+WAI0.1x+3T2019+type@sequential+block@b284a609c9344bb8939f6e701031921e/block-v1:W3Cx+WAI0.1x+3T2019+type@vertical+block@1df055de82eb4d9b95a625f491e9dbd2 (Testing on mobile examples and instructions)
Why are tooltips problematic for screen magnification users?
Content in tooltips sometimes opens off screen and is lost
Are responsive websites beneficial to screen magnification users?
Yes, because content resizing to a single column reduces scrolling which is tiring
What enables people who are deaf or hard of hearing access audio and video content?
- Closed Captions
- Audio Description
- Text alternatives on media player buttons
- A text transcript
Closed Captions
A text transcript
What challenges might someone with limited speech experience on the Web?
A contact us page with a phone number and no contact us form the form
A voice search on mobile with no text based search
Missing of Closed Captions
Missing Audio Description
A contact us page with a phone number and no contact us form the form
A voice search on mobile with no text based search
How can the browser be used to adapt content to user preferences? (Check all that apply.)
- Increase font size
- Zoom content
- Adding text alternatives
- Increase only the size of images
- Increase font size
- Zoom content
What assistive technologies might a person with autism more commonly use?
Screen magnification
A screen reader
Speech input
A screen reader
What is the WCAG ?
Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) defines requirements on how to make Web content such as text, images, multimedia, structure and presentation accessible.
There are currently two stable versions of WCAG that are both supported by W3C:
WCAG 2.0 was published in December 2008, and has become widely adopted as the standard for web accessibility by many businesses and governments around the world. It defines 12 Guidelines under the four POUR principles. Under each Guideline there are more specific Success Criteria divided into three Conformance Levels: A, AA, and AAA. WCAG 2.0 defines 61 Success Criteria.
WCAG 2.1 was published in June 2018, to better address accessibility for people with cognitive and learning disabilities, people with low vision, and people with disabilities using mobile devices. WCAG 2.1 is fully backward compatible with WCAG 2.0, so that if your content conforms to WCAG 2.1 it also conforms to WCAG 2.0. WCAG 2.1 defines 13 Guidelines and 78 Success Criteria.
What is ATAG?
Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines (ATAG) defines requirements on how to make the authoring tools themselves accessible, so that people with disabilities can create web content. It also defines requirements how authors can create accessible web content and conform to WCAG
What is UAAG?
User Agent Accessibility Guidelines (UAAG) provides guidance on how to make user agents accessible to people with disabilities. User agents include browsers, browser extensions, media players, readers and other applications that render web content
What types of users may use a screen reader to access digital content? (Choose all that apply)
a user with learning difficulties
a blind user
a user with limited upper body movement
a user with low vision
a user with learning difficulties
a blind user
a user with low vision
What types of challenges might people with physical disabilities experience?
Poor keyboard accessibility
Lack of visible labels on buttons
Poor color contrast
Lack of visible focus
Poor keyboard accessibility
Lack of visible labels on buttons
Lack of visible focus
. Can accessibility evaluation tools test the accessibility of images?
No, an evaluation tool can only identify if an image has a missing text alternative but can not tell you if that text alternative is appropriate in the context where it is present.
What do blind people use to enable them to watch and understand video content? Consider different types of “video content”, for example with and without audio, and people with multiple disabilities. (2 correct answers)
Text transcripts
Audio Description
examples of issues faced with mobile devices by people with disabilities might include:
A user with print-based disability such as being unable to click on small targets (or links) who is unable to click on a link on their mobile because the pinch-to-zoom feature has been disabled.
A blind user is trying to fill out a form on their mobile device, but the form fields have placeholder text without a properly coded label. (Placeholder text is the example text placed inside the form field). As they don’t know what to put in the form field, they are unable to complete the form.
A wheelchair user who must have their mobile device set in a holder on their chair because of an inability to physically hold the device is frustrated because the mobile website only works when the mobile device is in the vertical (or portrait) mode.
In some parts of the world, many people only access the Web through a mobile device because they do not have access to desktop or laptop computers. For these users, accessibility for mobile is a necessity.
Bright light
An outdoor workman is having trouble using a website on his mobile phone due to bright sunlight. What is this an example of?
- A visual disability
- A Situation limitation
- Poor mobile phone design
A Situation limitation
- Poor mobile phone design
This is a good example of a situational limitation. He is having trouble outside but if he could move into a shaded place, he may not have the same problem. The main problem is the sunlight. If his phone has been designed with accessibility in mind, he may be able to adjust the contrast.
Device orientation
A wheelchair user has a tablet computer mounted on her chair in landscape mode. The news reading app she wants to use requires the device to be rotated to portrait mode. What is this an example of?
- a physical disability
- a situational limitation
- poor mobile app design
- a physical disability
- poor mobile app design
She requires the mobile app to be usable in landscape mode because that is how she can interact with her tablet computer.
If the app was designed to allowing reading news articles in portrait and landscape mode, then she would be able to use it effectively.
What is POUR?
Perceivable - Information can be presented in different ways; for example, in braille, different text sizes, text-to-speech, or symbols, etc.
Operable - Functionality can be used in different modalities; for example, keyboard, mouse, sip-and-puff, speech input, touch, etc.
Understandable - Information and functionality is understandable; for example consistent navigation, simple language, etc.
Robust - Content can be interpreted reliably by a wide variety of browsers, media players, and assistive technologies.
Which of the following sections are part of the WCAG technical guidance? (Check all that apply.)
- Understanding WCAG 2
- Techniques for WCAG 2
- How to Meet WCAG 2
- Working with WCAG 2
- Understanding WCAG 2
- Techniques for WCAG 2
- How to Meet WCAG 2
The best time to think about the accessibility of your web project is:
Choose one answer.
- When you hire an external accessibility expert to do an end review just before launch.
- We don’t need to think about that, we use a plugin that solves all accessibility issues.
- At the beginning, so you have a well-trained team or an external accessibility expert involved from the start.
At the beginning, so you have a well-trained team or an external accessibility expert involved from the start.
User testing with people with a disability is useful for:
Choose one answer.
- Finding accessibility issues.
- Finding usability issues for people with that specific disability.
- Debugging your website.
Finding usability issues for people with that specific disability.
Which items should you add to a web accessibility policy of a web project?
Choose one answer.
- The desired level of accessibility.
- The roles and responsibilities of every team member involved.
- The process of quality control.
- All of the above.
- All of the above.
When working on a web project:
Choose one answer.
- Convince your team for every step why accessibility is important.
- Make sure everyone commits to delivering an accessible product from the start.
- Compromise on accessibility when someone who outranks you orders you to add inaccessible features of text.
- Make sure everyone commits to delivering an accessible product from the start.
When you are working on a web project, you are responsible for:
Check all answers that apply.
The work you deliver.
Keeping your accessibility knowledge up to date.
Checking every piece of work of everyone involved.
Asking for help when you need it.
The work you deliver.
Keeping your accessibility knowledge up to date.
Asking for help when you need it.
If you are a project manager, your responsibilities include:
Check all answers that apply.
Putting together a capable team or hiring external expertise.
Having a system in place for quality control.
Making sure all steps are checked for accessibility before the product owner reviews them.
Checking every piece of work of everyone involved.
Putting together a capable team or hiring external expertise.
Having a system in place for quality control.
If you need a web agency to build an accessible website, what would you ask them?
Check all answers that apply.
Have you built an accessible website before and would you mind if I let someone else do a quick accessibility scan on that?
We have to have a new website within 1 day, can you do that?
Is your own website accessible?
How do you safeguard the accessibility of your projects?
We don’t need training to maintain the content, is that an issue?
- Have you built an accessible website before and would you mind if I let someone else do a quick accessibility scan on that?
- Is your own website accessible?
- How do you safeguard the accessibility of your projects?
Is it important to have a good colour contrast between text and background?
Choose one answer.
- Yes, because then most people can read the text, even in bright sunlight.
- No, it makes the website ugly.
- Yes, because then most people can read the text, even in bright sunlight.
What is an accessible way to indicate an error message in a form?
Choose one answer.
- Indicate an error by adding a red border around the input field.
- Add only a red X next to the input field.
- Add a clear error message with the input field explaining why there is an error.
Add a clear error message with the input field explaining why there is an error.
What is the best place to put your company logo with a link to the homepage?
Choose one answer.
- That doesn’t matter.
- On the top left, because that is what visitors expect.
- On the top right, let’s not do what everyone else does.
- On the top left, because that is what visitors expect.
Why should animation on your website not last for longer than 5 seconds or be stoppable by the visitor?
Choose one answer.
- Animation will slow down the computer.
- Animation distracts the user too much from reading the content.
- Animation isn’t allowed on an accessible website.
Animation distracts the user too much from reading the content.
A video needs:
Check all answers that apply.
- Always captioning and audio description.
- Captioning when there is spoken text.
- Audio description when it’s not obvious from the spoken word what is happening.
- Alternative text.
- Captioning when there is spoken text.
- Audio description when it’s not obvious from the spoken word what is happening.
An infographic needs:
Choose one answer.
- Alternative text only.
- Captioning to narrate what is on the image.
- The content of the infographic written out as text separately.
- The content of the infographic written out as text separately.
It’s important to use meaningful headings because:
Check all answers that apply.
- They make content easily scannable.
- Screen reader users can navigate on headings and can quickly jump to the text.
You can use them as a big call to action
- They make content easily scannable.
- Screen reader users can navigate on headings and can quickly jump to the text.
When can you use digital documents on a web page?
Check all answers that apply.
- When you also offer the content as web text.
- When you are sure the document is 100% accessible.
- When my client orders me to add it.
- When you are sure the document is 100% accessible.
- When you also offer the content as web text.
What are the keys to use when testing for keyboard navigation?
Tab: Move forward from link to link or to controls
Shift + Tab: Move backward from link to link or to controls
Enter: Activate links, buttons, or other interactive elements
Arrow: Navigate radio buttons and select boxes and scroll up and down a page
Space bar: Activate radio buttons and check boxes and buttons
What are focusable elements?
Focusable elements
a
button
input
textarea
select
radio button
checkbox
Should you disable visible focus us by some CSS resets add:outline 0; for example?
No, This makes it very hard to navigate a site, so don’t disable the native browser outline.
How does tab index work for keyboard focus?
- tabindex: 0 gives focus to items that wouldn’t normally get focus and includes them into normal tab order
- tabindex: -1 gives focus to items that wouldn’t normally get focus and/or removes items from the normal tab order
- tabindex: any positive integer gives focus and overrules normal tab order
Avoid hijacking the tab order with a positive tabindex: it makes it very hard for keyboard users to access for example the menu.
Some HTML5 elements to structure text are:
Choose one answer.
- header, main, aside, footer
- h2, p, blockquote
- input, label, button
- div, span
– h2, p, blockquote
The benefits of using semantic HTML are:
Check all answers that apply.
- The code on the website is meaningful and is better understood by assistive technology.
- The webpage is easy translatable.
- The code is robust, ready for future technologies.
- The code on the website is meaningful and is better understood by assistive technology.
- The code is robust, ready for future technologies.
What is the right order of elements to make a logical story?
Choose one answer.
title, date, author, text
date, author, title, text
author, title, text, date
title, date, author, text
What is consider normative?
Guidelines and specifications “provide” normative documents.
- Define accessibility practices required for conformance and it’s verification
- The normative part of the WAI-ARIA guidelines identifies the minimum to make a website or software accessible for user with disabilities.
Book of Knowledge page 8
What is “non-normative”?
Documents that provide guidance and techniques for interpreting and conforming with the normative requirements, but they are not required for conformance.
Book of Knowledge - page 8
WCAG Versioning Releases
WCAG 2.0 - released in 2008
WCAG 2.1 - released in 2018
- added success criteria for new input modes like text and speech , and more criteria that focus on individuals with low vision or cognitive disabilities.
WCAG 2.2 - became recommendation in October 2023
- focus on cognitive aspects such as authentication, form entries or the provision of help, supporting keyboard operation (focus not obscured) or pointer operation (target size, dragging movements)
Book of Knowlege - Page 10
What are the three techniques W3C has published?
- Sufficient Techniques: If the web content meets Sufficient Techniques; it successfully meets the success criterion
- Failure Techniques: If the web content fails any of these techniques, it does not meet the success criterion
- Advisory Techniques: Optional or conditional techniques may represent accessibility best practice or possible ways of meeting the success criterion
Book of Knowledge - Page 9
What is the ATAG?
Authoring tools are software and services that authors use to produce web content, for example, WYSIWYG editors, site builders, form generating software, social media sites, and for learning management systems
Book of Knowledge - Page 11
How may parts does the ATAG have and what are they?
Two main parts:
- Providing accessible user interface
- Supporting the production of accessible content
Book of Knowledge - Page 11
What are the new criteria for WCAG 2.2?
The following success criteria are new in WCAG 2.2:
2.4.11 Focus Not Obscured (Minimum) (AA)
2.4.12 Focus Not Obscured (Enhanced) (AAA)
2.4.13 Focus Appearance (AAA)
2.5.7 Dragging Movements (AA)
2.5.8 Target Size (Minimum) (AA)
3.2.6 Consistent Help (A)
3.3.7 Redundant Entry (A)
3.3.8 Accessible Authentication (Minimum) (AA)
3.3.9 Accessible Authentication (Enhanced) (AAA)
The new success criteria may reference new terms that have also been added to the glossary and form part of the normative requirements of the success criteria.
