WCAG 2.2 Understandable Flashcards
What is meant by understandable?
Information and the operation of the user interface must be understandable
Guideline 3.1
Guideline 3.1: Readable: Make text content readable and understandable
SC 3.1.1 Language of Page: Level A
The default human language of each Web page can be programmatically determined.
SC 3.1.2 Language of Parts: Level AA
The human language of each passage or phrase in the content can be programmatically determined except for proper names, technical terms, words of indeterminate language, and words or phrases that have become part of the vernacular of the immediately surrounding text.
SC 3.1.3 Unusual Words - Level AAA
A mechanism is available for identifying specific definitions of words or phrases used in an unusual or restricted way, including idioms and jargon.
SC 3.1.4 Abbreviations - Level AAA
A mechanism for identifying the expanded form or meaning of abbreviations is available.
SC 3.1.5 Reading Level - Level AAA
When text requires reading ability more advanced than the lower secondary education level after removal of proper names and titles, supplemental content, or a version that does not require reading ability more advanced than the lower secondary education level, is available.
3.1.6 Pronunciation - Level AAA
A mechanism is available for identifying specific pronunciation of words where meaning of the words, in context, is ambiguous without knowing the pronunciation.
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What are examples of meeting Guideline 3.1 Readable
This includes aspects such as:
- Identifying the primary language of pages and of page parts
- Explaining abbreviations, unusual words, and phrases
- Using simple language or providing simplified alternatives
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According to the WCAG Guidelines, how can we make sure text is readable and understandable?
Content authors need to ensure that text content is readable and understandable to the broadest audience possible, including when it is read aloud by text-to-speech. Such content includes:
- Identifying the primary language of a web page, such as Arabic, Dutch, or Korean
- Identifying the language of text passages, phrases, or other parts of a web page
- Providing definitions for any unusual words, phrases, idioms, and abbreviations
- Using the clearest and simplest language possible, or providing simplified versions
Meeting this requirement helps software, including assistive technology, to process text content correctly. For instance, this requirement helps software to read the content aloud, to generate page summaries, and to provide definitions for unusual words such as technical jargon. It also helps people who have difficulty understanding more complex sentences, phrases, and vocabulary. In particular, it helps people with different types of cognitive disabilities.
https://www.w3.org/WAI/fundamentals/accessibility-principles/#readable
Guideline 3.2
Guideline 3.2 Make web pages appears and operate in predictable ways.
SC 3.2.1 On Focus - Level A
When any user interface component receives focus, it does not initiate a change of context.
SC 3.2.2 On Input - Level A
Changing the setting of any user interface component does not automatically cause a change of context unless the user has been advised of the behavior before using the component.
SC 3.2.3 Consistent Navigation - Level AA
Navigational mechanisms that are repeated on multiple Web pages within a set of Web pages occur in the same relative order each time they are repeated, unless a change is initiated by the user.
SC 3.2.4
Consistent Identification- Level AA
Components that have the same functionality within a set of Web pages are identified consistently.
SC 3.2.5 Change on Request - Level AAA
Changes of context are initiated only by user request or a mechanism is available to turn off such changes.
SC 3.2.6 Consistent Help- Level A (Added in 2.2)
If a Web page contains any of the following help mechanisms, and those mechanisms are repeated on multiple Web pages within a set of Web pages, they occur in the same order relative to other page content, unless a change is initiated by the user:
- Human contact details;
- Human contact mechanism;
- Self-help option;
- A fully automated contact mechanism.
It is good practice to include a lot of acronyms, difficult words, idioms, and unusual phrases in your content. (True or False)
False
Keep your sentences simple and be sure to explain any acronyms, difficult words, idioms, and unusual phrases in your content.
Which of the following must you provide a definition for in order for a passage to be considered readable? (Check all that apply.)
- usual words
- new words
- long words
- unusual phrases
- ## abbreviations
- usual words
- unusual phrases
- abbreviations
It is important to give definitions to unusual words or phrases, including abbreviations for people with cognitive and learning disabilities.
Which of the following groups of people can benefit from good typography choices? (Check all that apply.)
- people with cognitive disabilities
- people with auditory disorders
- people with low vision
- people who are colorblind
people with cognitive disorders
people with low-vision
Many people can benefit from good typography choices, but especially people with low-vision and have cognitive disorders.
Shorter sentences and paragraphs are better than longer ones for readability. (True or False)
True
Shorter sentences have less cognitive load than longer ones.
You should always identify the primary language of a website.
True
Assistive technology devices need to know which language the website is in, so they can correctly read the words.
Guideline 3.3
Guideline 3.3 - Input Assistance
Help users avoid and correct mistakes
SC 3.3.1 Error Identification - Level A
If an input error is automatically detected, the item that is in error is identified and the error is described to the user in text.
SC 3.3.2 Labels or Instructions- Level A
Labels or instructions are provided when content requires user input.
SC 3.3.3 -Error Suggestion - Level AA
If an input error is automatically detected and suggestions for correction are known, then the suggestions are provided to the user, unless it would jeopardize the security or purpose of the content.
SC 3.3.4 Error Prevention (Legal, Financial, Data) - Level AA
For Web pages that cause legal commitments or financial transactions for the user to occur, that modify or delete user-controllable data in data storage systems, or that submit user test responses, at least one of the following is true:
- Reversible: Submissions are reversible.
- Checked: Data entered by the user is checked for input errors and the user is provided an opportunity to correct them.
- Confirmed: A mechanism is available for reviewing, confirming, and correcting information before finalizing the submission.
SC 3.3.5 Help - Level AAA
Context-sensitive help is available.
SC 3.3.6 Error Prevention (All) - Level AAA
For Web pages that require the user to submit information, at least one of the following is true:
- Reversible: Submissions are reversible.
- Checked: Data entered by the user is checked for input errors and the user is provided an opportunity to correct them.
- Confirmed: A mechanism is available for reviewing, confirming, and correcting information before finalizing the submission.
SC 3.3.7 Redundant Entry Level A (Added in 2.2)
Information previously entered by or provided to the user that is required to be entered again in the same process is either:
- auto-populated, or
available for the user to select.
Except when:
- re-entering the information is essential,
- the information is required to ensure the security of the content, or
- previously entered information is no longer valid.
SC 3.3.8 Accessible Authentication (Minimum) - Level AA (Added in 2.2)
A cognitive function test (such as remembering a password or solving a puzzle) is not required for any step in an authentication process unless that step provides at least one of the following:
- Alternative: Another authentication method that does not rely on a cognitive function test.
- Mechanism: A mechanism is available to assist the user in completing the cognitive function test.
- Object Recognition: The cognitive function test is to recognize objects.
- Personal Content: The cognitive function test is to identify non-text content the user provided to the Web site.
Note 2: Examples of mechanisms that satisfy this criterion include:
- support for password entry by password managers to reduce memory need, and
- copy and paste to reduce the cognitive burden of re-typing.
SC 3.3.9 Accessible Authentication (Enhanced) - Level AAA(Added in 2.2)
A cognitive function test (such as remembering a password or solving a puzzle) is not required for any step in an authentication process unless that step provides at least one of the following:
- Alternative: Another authentication method that does not rely on a cognitive function test.
- Mechanism: A mechanism is available to assist the user in completing the cognitive function test.
What are important considerations for guideline 3.2?
- Keep the navigation consistent across your website
- Name buttons and controls consistently too
- Avoid changing the page simply when actionable elements receive focus or input
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What are some ways to make sure that content appears and operates in predictable ways?
Many people rely on predictable user interfaces and are disoriented or distracted by inconsistent appearance or behavior. Examples of making content more predictable include:
- Navigation mechanisms that are repeated on multiple pages appear in the same place each time
- User interface components that are repeated on web pages have the same labels each time
- Significant changes on a web page do not happen without the consent of the user
Meeting this requirement helps people to quickly learn the functionality and navigation mechanisms provided on a website, and to operate them according to their specific needs and preferences. For instance, some people assign personalized shortcut keys to functions they frequently use to enhance keyboard navigation. Others memorize the steps to reach certain pages or to complete processes on a website. Both rely on predictable and consistent functionality.
https://www.w3.org/WAI/fundamentals/accessibility-principles/#predictable
It is good practice to change the location of the main navigation from page to page. (True or False)
False
Consistent navigation is good for screen reader users, people with cognitive disorders, and many others.
Components that are repeated on web pages need to have the same labels each time. (True or False)
True
Components need to be consistent, so users understand their purpose.
